IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Special Section Papers on Sensorless Control of Induction
Motors
53. 1. 1. M.P. Kazmierkowski, "Acknowledgment of
Reviewers," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 2- 4,
Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Not Available
53. 1. 2. J. Holtz, "Sensorless Control of Induction
Machines—With or Without Signal Injection?," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 7- 30, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Controlled induction motor drives
without mechanical speed sensors at the motor shaft have the attractions of low
cost and high reliability. To replace the sensor, information on the rotor
speed is extracted from measured stator currents and from voltages at motor
terminals. Vector-controlled drives require estimating the magnitude and
spatial orientation of the fundamental magnetic flux waves in the stator or in
the rotor. Open-loop estimators or closed-loop observers are used for this
purpose. They differ with respect to accuracy, robustness, and sensitivity
against model parameter variations. Dynamic performance and steady-state speed
accuracy around zero speed range are achieved by signal injection, exploiting
the anisotropic properties of the machine. The overview in this paper uses
signal flow graphs of complex space vector quantities to provide an insightful
description of the systems used in sensorless control of induction motors.
53. 1. 3. M. Depenbrock, C. Evers, "Model-based speed
identification for induction Machines in the whole operating range," Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 31- 40, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A speed observer for induction machines
without rotational transducers is presented. In contrast to known adaptive
observer strategies, the proposed scheme uses-beside the conventional current
difference-its integral and a new pair of stretch-turn operators not only to
avoid the known instability region at braking but to obtain furthermore a
constant gain. To ensure operation with very low stator frequencies, an
elimination of parasitic dc components is presented additionally.
Characteristics are explained and verified by measurements.
53. 1. 4. M. Boussak, K. Jarray, "A high-performance
sensorless indirect stator flux orientation control of induction motor drive,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 41- 49, Feb.
2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A new method for the implementation of a
sensorless indirect stator-flux-oriented control (ISFOC) of induction motor
drives with stator resistance tuning is proposed in this paper. The proposed
method for the estimation of speed and stator resistance is based only on
measurement of stator currents. The error of the measured q-axis current from
its reference value feeds the proportional plus integral (PI) controller, the
output of which is the estimated slip frequency. It is subtracted from the
synchronous angular frequency, which is obtained from the output integral plus
proportional (IP) rotor speed controller, to have the estimated rotor speed.
For current regulation, this paper proposes a conventional PI controller with
feedforward compensation terms in the synchronous frame. Owing to its
advantages, an IP controller is used for rotor speed regulation. Stator
resistance updating is based on the measured and reference d-axis stator
current of an induction motor on d-q frame synchronously rotating with the
stator flux vector. Experimental results for a 3-kW induction motor are
presented and analyzed by using a dSpace system with DS1102 controller board
based on the digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320C31. Digital simulation and
experimental results are presented to show the improvement in performance of
the proposed method.
53. 1. 5. M. Comanescu, L. Xu, "An improved flux
observer based on PLL frequency estimator for sensorless vector control of
induction motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp.
50- 56, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: State observers are key components of
modern ac drives. The paper presents a comparative analysis of two state
observers for induction-motor (IM) drives: the speed-adaptive observer and the
inherently sensorless observer. The adaptive observer employs the time-variable
full-order motor model with the rotor speed as the adaptive quantity. Thus, the
speed estimation accuracy significantly impacts on the flux observer. It is
shown that the popular model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed estimator
displays reduced bandwidth, and does not deliver adequate performance for the
flux estimation. The inherently sensorless observer employs a full-order dual
reference-frame model in order to eliminate the speed adaptation. In this way,
it becomes decoupled from the speed estimator and its performance is superior
to that of its adaptive counterpart. Theoretical aspects and comparative
simulation results are discussed for both observers. Comparative experimental
results for both observers are presented. Very low-speed-operation (3 r/min)
capability of the drive with the sensorless observer is demonstrated.
53. 1. 6. C. Lascu, I. Boldea, F. Blaabjerg,
"Comparative study of adaptive and inherently sensorless observers for
variable-speed induction-motor drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 57- 65, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: State observers are key components of
modern ac drives. The paper presents a comparative analysis of two state
observers for induction-motor (IM) drives: the speed-adaptive observer and the
inherently sensorless observer. The adaptive observer employs the time-variable
full-order motor model with the rotor speed as the adaptive quantity. Thus, the
speed estimation accuracy significantly impacts on the flux observer. It is
shown that the popular model reference adaptive system (MRAS) speed estimator
displays reduced bandwidth, and does not deliver adequate performance for the
flux estimation. The inherently sensorless observer employs a full-order dual
reference-frame model in order to eliminate the speed adaptation. In this way,
it becomes decoupled from the speed estimator and its performance is superior
to that of its adaptive counterpart. Theoretical aspects and comparative
simulation results are discussed for both observers. Comparative experimental
results for both observers are presented. Very low-speed-operation (3 r/min)
capability of the drive with the sensorless observer is demonstrated.
53. 1. 7. Kyo-Beum Lee, F. Blaabjerg, "Reduced-order
extended luenberger observer based sensorless vector control driven by matrix
converter with nonlinearity compensation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 66- 75, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper presents a new sensorless
vector control system for high-performance induction motor drives fed by a
matrix converter with nonlinearity compensation. The nonlinear voltage
distortion that is caused by commutation delay and ON-state voltage drop in the
switching devices is corrected by a new matrix converter model. A reduced-order
extended Luenberger observer is employed to bring better response in the whole
speed operation range, and a method to select the observer gain is presented.
Experimental results are shown to illustrate the performance of the proposed
system.
53. 1. 8. M. Hasegawa, "Robust-adaptive-observer design
based on /spl gamma/-positive real problem for sensorless induction-motor
drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 76- 85,
Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: One-cycle control power-factor
correction (OCC-PFC) with vector operation is a promising rectification method
that eliminates harmonics and improves the power factor. It features great
simplicity, high performance, and excellent stability. This paper performs
analysis and design of OCC-PFC in both the steady-state and dynamic transients.
The sufficient stability condition for three-phase OCC-PFC is derived. Some
typical large-signal perturbations in practice are then used to verify the
theoretical predictions. The paper also provides some guidelines for the
selection of the circuit parameters in practical application. All analysis
results were verified by simulation or experiments based on a three-phase 1-kW
pre-industrial OCC-PFC prototype.
53. 1. 9. G. Poddar, V.T. Ranganathan, "Sensorless
double-inverter-fed wound-rotor induction-Machine drive," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 86- 95, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: The basic operation of a wound-rotor
induction-motor drive fed by inverters on the stator as well as the rotor side
is discussed. Different modes of operations are defined and explained based on
power flow on both the sides of the machine. The sensorless motor control
scheme consists of V/f-type direct frequency control on one side, with either
vector control or direct torque and flux control on the other side. The machine
operates up to twice the rated speed in either direction, with full flux and
torque, thereby producing up to twice the rated power. Novel frequency profiles
are proposed, which ensure that the frequency on either side never drops below
a minimum value (set at 12 Hz in this work). Therefore, the estimation of flux
can be simply and reliably carried out by integration of voltage, resulting in
simple sensorless control. The drive works reliably at all speeds including
zero speed and at all loads. Results from a 50-hp prototype drive are
presented.
53. 1. 10. S. Suwankawin, S. Sangwongwanich, "Design
strategy of an adaptive full-order observer for speed-sensorless
induction-motor Drives-tracking performance and stabilization," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 96- 119, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Design strategy of both feedback gains
and adaptation gains for an adaptive full-order observer is a necessary issue
to assure the stability and the tracking performance of the speed estimation in
the sensorless drives. In this paper, novel design of feedback gains of the
observer is proposed to achieve the stability over the whole operation
especially in the low-speed region, including the regenerating mode. Stability
improvement using the proposed feedback gains is rigorously proven by the
method of Lyapunov. For the adaptation proportional-integral (PI) gains, the
ramp response characteristic of the speed estimator is proposed as design
guidelines. It is revealed that the integral adaptation gain determines the
tracking error of the speed estimator during acceleration/deceleration while
the sensitivity to current measurement noises depends on the proportional
adaptation gain. It is also pointed out that a suitable corner frequency of the
adaptation PI gains is required as a design tradeoff to avoid an oscillation.
The validity of all theoretical results is verified by simulation and
experiment.
53. 1. 11. G. Edelbaher, K. Jezernik, E. Urlep,
"Low-speed sensorless control of induction Machine," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 120- 129, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Induction motor (IM) speed sensorless
control, allowing operation at low and zero speed, optimizing torque response
and efficiency, will be presented in this paper. The magnitude and the
orientation angle of the rotor flux of the IM are determined by the output of
the closed-loop rotor-flux observer based on the calculation of the extended
electromotive force of the machine. The proposed rotor-flux-oriented control
scheme is robust to parameter variations and external disturbances. Both
observer and controller utilize the continuous sliding mode and Lyapunov
theory. A smooth transition into the field-weakening region and the full
utilization of the inverter current and voltage capability are thus possible.
The produced torque is a continuous output variable of control. The performance
of the proposed method is investigated and verified experimentally on a digital
signal processor.
53. 1. 12. K. Ide, Jung-Ik Ha, M. Sawamura, "A hybrid
speed estimator of flux observer for induction motor drives," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 130- 137, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper proposes a hybrid speed
estimator that gives the synergetic effect between the model- and the
saliency-based field orientations for induction motor drives. The model-based
field orientation consists of a flux observer with an adaptive speed estimator
that has unstable regions at zero frequency and zero speed. Saliency-based flux
orientation utilizes magnetic saliencies caused by saturation and
high-frequency injection that causes the torque ripples due to the chattering.
The chattering is caused by the higher cutoff frequency of the flux-angle
estimation to keep its high dynamics. The proposed method compensates both
faults and realizes complete speed estimation from zero to high-speed condition
including zero stator frequency.
53. 1. 13. P. Vaclavek, P. Blaha, "Lyapunov-function-based
flux and speed observer for AC induction motor sensorless control and
parameters estimation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no.
1, pp. 138- 145, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: AC induction motors have become very
popular for motion-control applications due to their simple and reliable
construction. Control of drives based on ac induction motors is a quite complex
task. Provided the vector-control algorithm is used, not only the rotor speed
but also the position of the magnetic flux inside the motor during the control
process should be known. In most applications, the flux sensors are omitted and
the magnetic-flux phasor position has to be calculated. However, there are also
applications in which even speed sensors should be omitted. In such a
situation, the task of state reconstruction can be solved only from voltage and
current measurements. In the current paper, a method based on deterministic
evaluation of measurement using the state observer based on the Lyapunov
function is presented. The method has been proven in testing on a real ac
induction machine.
53. 1. 14. M. Comanescu, L. Xu, "Sliding-mode MRAS
speed estimators for sensorless vector control of induction Machine," Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 146- 153, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper presents two novel sliding
mode (SM) model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observers for speed estimation
in a sensorless-vector-controlled induction-machine drive. Both methods use the
flux estimated by the voltage model observer as the reference and construct SM
flux observers that allow speed estimation. Stability and dynamics of the two
proposed SM flux observers are discussed. The observers are compared with the
classical MRAS observer. The proposed estimators seem very robust and easy to
tune. Unlike the classical MRAS, the speed-estimation process is based on
algebraic calculations that do not exhibit underdamped poles or zeros on the
right-hand plane. Simulations and experimental results on a 1/4-hp three-phase
induction machine confirm the validity of the approaches.
53. 1. 15. M.J. Duran, J.L. Duran, F. Perez, J.
Fernandez, "Induction-motor sensorless vector control with online parameter
estimation and overcurrent protection," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 154- 161, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Sensorless drive control has been widely
studied in recent years due to the numerous advantages regarding potential
failures of position sensors, especially in applications such as automotive or
aerospace. Among vector-control drives, indirect rotor-flux-oriented control (IRFOC)
type is one of the most popular and tested options. However, it is still a
challenging field since several aspects can be improved, such as the low-speed
behavior, parameter detuning, and current control. The present scheme includes
temperature estimation to correct the deviation in steady state, a new control
scheme with skin-effect estimation to improve the transient accuracy, and
overcurrent protection to be able to control the stator currents while allowing
a good performance. The parameter estimation is carried out using
lumped-parameter models, the control scheme is modified and is able to account
for static friction, and the overcurrent protection improves the performance
allowing transient currents over the rated value. The validity and usefulness
of the proposed scheme is experimentally tested on a TMS320C31 digital signal
processor (DSP) from the Simulink/Matlab environment.
53. 1. 16. Mongkol Saejia, S. Sangwongwanich,
"Averaging analysis approach for stability analysis of speed-sensorless
induction motor drives with stator resistance estimation," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 162- 177, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: In this paper, the stability property of
speed-sensorless induction motor drives with stator resistance estimation is
analyzed using the averaging analysis technique. Explicit stability conditions
are then derived to clarify analytically when the instability may occur and how
the regressor vectors used in the estimation and the integral adaptation gains
should be designed to assure stability. The derived stability conditions also
reveal that the coupling between the speed and the stator resistance estimation
loops is the main cause of instability and that stabilization of each
individual estimation loop is necessary but insufficient to guarantee
stability. Instead of the conventional regressor vectors that are shown to make
the estimation unstable in some regenerative regions, two new regressor vectors
are introduced to achieve stability for the whole operating conditions.
Moreover, investigation of the persistently exciting (PE) conditions points out
theoretically the loss of identifiability of the rotor speed and the stator
resistance at no loads and at zero frequency operations. Validity of all the
analytical results is verified by simulation and experiment.
53. 1. 17. K. Ohyama, G.M. Asher, M. Sumner,
"Comparative analysis of experimental performance and stability of sensorless
induction motor drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no.
1, pp. 178- 186, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper compares the experimental
performance of three flux and speed observers for speed-sensorless induction
motor drives and discusses the cause of their differences. The small signal
analysis using the linearized model is carried out to analyze stability. Three
methods are generally accepted to be representative candidates for high
sensorless performance, namely: 1) rotor-flux model reference adaptive system (MRAS);
2) torque-current MRAS; and 3) adaptive nonlinear flux observer. Many other
sensorless methods improved these methods. The paper discusses baseline
conditions for the experiments and the stability analysis, which include
matched load inertia, specified speed estimator dynamics, and sensorless
operation within a speed control loop. For the comparison tests in the paper,
the speed estimation dynamics of the methods are the same; this is important
for parameter sensitivity. The paper concentrates on the low-speed performance,
and all results shown are under sensorless speed control.
53. 1. 18. T. Tera, Y. Yamauchi, A. Chiba, T. Fukao,
M.A. Rahman, "Performances of bearingless and sensorless induction motor drive
based on mutual inductances and rotor displacements estimation," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 187- 194, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A self-sensing bearingless motor is
considered as an effective solution to reduce cost and shorten a shaft length.
In this paper, a novel estimation method of a rotor displacement is proposed.
The method is based on the detection of currents induced by mutual inductances,
which vary as a function of the rotor displacements. A high-frequency carrier
voltage is superimposed on a motor main terminal voltage. The induced
carrier-frequency current component is distinguished from the
suspension-winding current. The carrier signal is selected high enough to
suspension-current components. However, the carrier current is disturbed in
transient conditions. The disturbed current results in a vibration of the
estimated rotor displacements. A suspension-current estimator is proposed to
reduce this vibration and to obtain the difference between the detected current
and the estimated current. As a result, the disturbance vibration is
significantly reduced. It is shown that a successful magnetic suspension is
realized with the proposed method.
53. 1. 19. C.S. Staines, C. Caruana, G.M. Asher, M.
Sumner, "Sensorless control of induction Machines at zero and low frequency
using zero sequence currents," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.
53, no. 1, pp. 195- 206, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper considers both flux and rotor
position estimations for sensorless control of delta-connected cage induction
machines (IMs) at low and zero frequency operation. The variation of leakage
inductance due to either saturation or rotor slotting is tracked by measuring
the derivative of the zero sequence current in response to the application of
appropriate voltage test vectors. The method requires only a single extra
sensor. It requires access to machine phase windings and is appropriate for
integrated-type induction motor drives. Both a closed-slot and an open-slot
machine is used to demonstrate rotor flux and rotor position tracking,
respectively. Experimental results are presented showing sensorless torque
control and sensorless speed and position control at low and zero frequencies.
53. 1. 20. A. Consoli, G. Scarcella, G. Bottiglieri, G.
Scelba, A. Testa, D.A. Triolo, "Low-frequency signal-demodulation-based
sensorless technique for induction motor drives at low speed," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 207- 215, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: The paper presents a method to compute
the air-gap flux position in induction motors at very low including zero-stator
frequency. A low-frequency (50 /spl divide/ 100 Hz) sinusoidal stationary
signal is added to the normal stator variables to provide the machine with a
suitable permanent excitation. Such an additional excitation modulates the
saturation level of the magnetic core of the machine according to the angular
position of the air-gap flux. As a result, a new zero-sequence stator-voltage
component is generated that contains useful information about the position of
the air-gap flux unaffected by load variation. Such a zero-sequence voltage can
be easily employed to provide a wide bandwidth measurement of the air-gap flux
position. A key feature of the proposed approach is that a low-frequency (0 /spl
divide/ 5 Hz) signal is demodulated, thus avoiding any drawback featured by
previous sensorless techniques operating with high-frequency signal injection.
53. 1. 21. V.-M. Leppanen, J. Luomi, "Observer using
low-frequency injection for sensorless induction motor Control-parameter
sensitivity analysis," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1,
pp. 216- 224, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: The zero-frequency vector control of an
induction motor without a speed sensor has proven to be a very difficult task.
Uncertainty and variation in the electrical parameters of the motor deteriorate
the performance of fundamental-wave flux observers as the frequency approaches
zero, and observers based on high-frequency signal injection rely on
motor-specific phenomena. A new method has recently been proposed, where a
low-frequency current signal is injected in the estimated rotor flux direction.
If there is an error in the orientation, the signal gives rise to a torque
oscillation and affects the back electromotive force (EMF) through the
mechanical system. The phenomenon makes it possible to reach sensorless
zero-frequency operation. This paper shows that the method is insensitive to
the variation of the motor parameters. Experiments confirm the result.
53. 1. 22. C. Caruana, G.M. Asher, M. Sumner,
"Performance of HF signal injection techniques for zero-low-frequency vector
control of induction Machines under sensorless conditions," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 225- 238, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A number of HF signal injection
techniques have been proposed for the sensorless zero-low-frequency control of
induction machines (IMs). This paper reviews these methods and experimentally
investigates their performance under true sensorless conditions for a standard
cage IM with closed rotor slots. Implementation techniques covering hybrid
methods, saliency decoupling, and saliency orientation are discussed. The paper
concludes that, while HF techniques can outperform observer-based methods at
low frequencies, the robust performance required for industrial application
still presents a research challenge.
Power Electronics
53. 1. 23. E. Figueres, G. Garcera, J.M. Benavent, M.
Pascual, J.A. Martinez, "Adaptive two-loop Voltage-mode control of DC-DC
switching converters," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1,
pp. 239- 253, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A new two-loop control scheme for
voltage-mode control (VMC) of dc-dc switching converters is presented. The
proposed method adds a high-gain robust loop with two controllers to the
conventional VMC loop, achieving an analog "adaptive" loop in which the
"equivalent voltage regulator" varies with the changing power stage parameters
given as follows: 1) input voltage; 2) load; and 3) component tolerances. The
loop significantly improves the disturbance rejection of the control system,
i.e., closed-loop output impedance and audiosusceptibility while preserving the
stability and the loop gain crossover frequency to a significant extent. Both
the small-signal analysis and the experimental results carried out on a buck
converter demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme with respect to
the conventional single loop.
53. 1. 24. Chien-Ming Wang, "Novel
zero-Voltage-transition PWM DC-DC converters," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 254- 262, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A new family of zero-voltage-switching (ZVS)
pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters that uses a new ZVS-PWM switch cell is
presented in this paper. Except for the auxiliary switch, all active and
passive semiconductor devices in the ZVS-PWM converters operate at ZVS turn ON
and turn OFF. The auxiliary switch operates at zero-current-switching (ZCS)
turns ON and OFF. Besides operating at constant frequency, these new converters
have no overvoltage across the switches and no additional current stress on the
main switch in comparison to the hard-switching converter counterpart.
Auxiliary components rated at very small current are used. The principle of
operation, theoretical analysis, and experimental results of the new ZVS-PWM
boost converter, rated 1 kW, and operating at 80 kHz, are provided in this
paper to verify the performance of this new family of converters.
53. 1. 25. G.K. Andersen, F. Blaabjerg, "Current
programmed control of a single-phase two-switch buck-boost power factor
correction circuit," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1,
pp. 263- 271, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper presents a new current
programmed control (CPC) technique for a cascaded two-switch buck-boost
converter suitable as a low-cost power factor correction (PFC) rectifier in a
variable speed motor drive. This new CPC technique, which is an extension of
the conventional CPC method, enables the variable output dc voltage, and is
therefore suitable in a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) motor drive or as a
universal input-power supply. The CPC method is very simple and requires only a
constant-current reference without any changes in the transition between boost
and buck operating mode, and the line current is practically unaffected by the
topology-mode shift. Simulations and experimental results verify the presented
control technique. Compliance with IEC-61000-3-2 class A is achieved. The
experimental setup is based on a commercial CPC integrated circuit (IC) for
dc-dc converters. This new control technique enables a simple low-cost control
circuit for the two-switch buck-boost converter, which complies with
IEC-61000-3-2, and the PFC circuit has inherent in-rush and overcurrent
protection.
53. 1. 26. Rong-Jong Wai, Li-Wei Liu, Rou-Yong Duan,
"High-efficiency Voltage-clamped DC-DC converter with reduced reverse-recovery
current and switch-Voltage stress," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 272- 280, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: This paper investigates a
high-efficiency clamped-voltage dc-dc converter with reduced reverse-recovery
current and switch-voltage stress. In the circuit topology, it is designed by
way of the combination of inductor and transformer to increase the
corresponding voltage gain. Moreover, one additional inductor provides the
reverse-current path of the transformer to enhance the utility rate of magnetic
core. In addition, the voltage-clamped technology is used to reduce the
switch-voltage stress so that it can select the Schottky diode in the output
terminal for alleviating the reverse-recovery current and decreasing the
switching and conduction losses. Furthermore, the closed-loop control
methodology is utilized in the proposed scheme to overcome the voltage-drift
problem of power source under the variation of loads. Thus, the proposed
converter topology has a favorable voltage-clamped effect and superior
conversion efficiency. Some experimental results via an example of a
proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power source with a 250-W nominal
rating are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
power-conversion strategy.
53. 1. 27. K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, Y. Sekine, "Novel
Solar-Cell Power Supply System Using a Multiple-Input DC–DC Converter,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 281- 286, Feb.
2006. Abstract
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Abstract: Recently, the clean electric power
generation systems have attracted a great deal of social attention to exploit
the clean-energy resources such as solar arrays, wind generators, fuel cells,
and so forth. In this case, a multiple-input dc–dc converter is useful to
combine the several input power sources and to supply the regulated output
voltage for the load from the power sources. The novel solar-cell power supply
system using the buck–boost-type two-input dc–dc converter is proposed, in
which a solar array and a commercial ac line are employed as power sources and
are combined by two input windings of the energy-storage reactor. Also, its
operation principle and performance characteristics are discussed. Furthermore,
the solar-cell optimum-operating-point tracker is proposed and examined. It is
confirmed by the experiment that the proposed solar-cell power supply system
has excellent performance characteristics.
53. 1. 28. T. Suntio, "Unified average and small-signal
modeling of direct-on-time control," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 287- 295, Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: A unified and consistent method for the
average and small-signal modeling of switched-mode converters under
direct-on-time (DOT) or voltage mode (VM) control applicable to fixed- and
variable-frequency operation in discontinuous (DCM) and continuous (CCM) modes
of operation is proposed. The method is based on the direct estimation of the
state-variable derivatives using their physical and circuit theoretical
dependence on the corresponding circuit elements. This has been the first time
that it has been explicitly recognized that the time-varying local average
value of the inductor current is the state variable instead of the
instantaneous current being also continuous within a cycle regardless of the
operation mode. The method provides a common basis for the average modeling of
VM control and leads eventually to the well-recognized results obtained using
state-space averaging (SSA) in CCM or its modified version in DCM under
fixed-frequency operation as well as accurate full-order models also in the
variable-frequency operation. In addition, the method known as unterminated
modeling is introduced, providing a useful tool for the dynamic analysis of
switched-mode converters.
53. 1. 29. A. Fernandez, J. Sebastian, M.M. Hernando,
J.A. Martin-Ramos, J. Corral, "Multiple output AC/DC converter with an internal
DC UPS," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 296- 304,
Feb. 2006. Abstract
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Abstract: The usual way to avoid a computer
shutdown during a mains failure is to connect an ac uninterruptible power
system (UPS). However, there are other possibilities, such as using a dc UPS to
obtain the dc output voltages directly from the battery instead of generating
an ac voltage to feed the whole power supply. Thus, the topology must operate
either from the ac mains or from a battery. A complete design of an ac/dc power
supply with an internal dc UPS is presented in this paper. The solution is
based on the coupling of the UPS to the main transformer. Moreover, the power
supply meets all the requirements needed to be used as an Advanced Technology
eXtended (ATX) PC power supply-multiple outputs, power and voltage ratings,
size, protections, etc. A prototype has been fully developed and tested as a PC
power supply. The autonomy achieved at full power is around 7 minutes.
53. 1. 30. H. Komurcugil, O. Kukrer, "A new control
strategy for single-phase shunt active power filters using a Lyapunov
function," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 305-
312, Feb. 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper proposes a new control
strategy for single-phase shunt active power filters (APFs) based on Lyapunov's
stability theory. The idea in this strategy is to form an energy-like Lyapunov
function in terms of the active filter states and then determine the control
law that makes the time derivative of the Lyapunov function always negative for
all values of the states. It is shown that a globally stable control is
possible at the expense of a time-varying reference function for the direct
current (dc) capacitor voltage. This method, however, requires the estimation
or measurement of the harmonic ripple component on the dc capacitor voltage.
Therefore, a modified control is proposed by ignoring this ripple component.
The active filter's current reference is obtained by subtracting the measured
load current from the generated supply current reference. The amplitude of the
supply current reference can be adjusted by using a proportional-integral (PI)
controller that regulates the dc capacitor voltage. Experimental results that
are obtained for steady-state operation and step changes in the load are
presented to verify the correct operation of the proposed control strategy.
Emerging Technology
53. 1. 31. M.R. Widyanto, B. Kusumoputro, H. Nobuhara,
K. Kawamoto, K. Hirota, "A fuzzy-similarity-based self-organized network
inspired by immune algorithm for three-mixture-fragrance recognition,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 313- 321, Feb.
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A fuzzy-similarity-based self-organized
network inspired by immune algorithm (F-SONIA) is proposed in order to develop
an artificial odor discrimination system for three-mixture-fragrance
recognition. It can deal with an uncertainty in frequency measurements, which
is inherent in odor acquisition devices, by employing a fuzzy similarity.
Mathematical analysis shows that the use of the fuzzy similarity results on a
higher dissimilarity between fragrance classes, therefore, the recognition
accuracy is improved and the learning time is reduced. Experiments show that
F-SONIA improves recognition accuracy of SONIA by 3%-9% and the previously
developed artificial odor discrimination system by 14%-25%. In addition, the
learning time of F-SONIA is three times faster than that of SONIA.
53. 1. 32. A.W. Colombo, R. Schoop, R. Neubert, "An
agent-based intelligent control platform for industrial holonic manufacturing
systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 322-
337, Feb. 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: New revolutionary manufacturing
paradigms, which take advantage of the newest emerging mechatronics,
information, and communication technologies, and integrate them in a highly
dynamic and agile economic, technical, and organizational manufacturing
environment, are being researched and developed since the last decade of the
20th century. This new generation of manufacturing systems is referenced as
intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS), and both the "holonic manufacturing
system" (HMS) and the "agent-oriented manufacturing system" paradigms have been
presented in recent years as the basis for making such systems a reality. This
paper reports on the design and realization of an agent-based intelligent
control system for industrial manufacturing systems, which covers both
conventional mechatronics equipment and embedded control agents. The
agent-based control software components are implemented as Windows NT services
and logic control programs and interfaced via distributed component object
model (DCOM) and Ethernet. Results of the application in an industrial
manufacturing environment are used to show the effectiveness of the proposed "Holonic"
approach.
53. 1. 33. Hyeon Bae, Sungshin Kim, Bo-Hyeun Wang, Man
Hyung Lee, F. Harashima, "Flame detection for the steam boiler using neural
networks and image information in the Ulsan steam power generation plant,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 338- 348, Feb.
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Several types of detectors such as
ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), visible light (VL), different pressure, flame
rod, and others are employed to detect a fire flame in power generation plants.
However, these flame detectors have some performance problems. Therefore, this
paper describes the image-processing method of fire detection as well as the
neural-network modeling. Nowadays, the image-processing technique is broadly
applied in the industrial fields. An extracted image information is taken into
the inputs of the neural-network model. The neural-network model has strong
adaptability and learning capability; therefore, this model can be suitable for
pattern classification. The Ulsan Steam Power Generation Plant in Korea is
employed as the test field. If this technique can be implemented in physical
plants, the boilers can be operated economically and effectively.
Special Section Papers on Sensorless Control of Synchronous Machine Drives
53. 2. 1. P.P. Acarnley, J.F. Watson, "Review of
position-sensorless operation of brushless permanent-magnet machines,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 352- 362, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: The operation of a brushless
permanent-magnet machine requires rotor-position information, which is used to
control the frequency and phase angle of the machine's winding currents.
Sensorless techniques for estimating rotor position from measurements of
voltage and current have been the subject of intensive research. This paper
reviews the state of the art in these sensorless techniques, which are broadly
classified into three types: motional electromotive force, inductance, and flux
linkage.
53. 2. 2. S. Ichikawa, M. Tomita, S. Doki, S. Okuma, "Sensorless
control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors using online parameter
identification based on system identification theory," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 363- 372, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
53. 2. 3. C. Silva, G.M. Asher, M. Sumner, "Hybrid
rotor position observer for wide speed-range sensorless PM motor drives
including zero speed," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2,
pp. 373- 378, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of wide
speed-range sensorless control of a surface-mount permanent-magnet (SMPM)
machine including zero-speed operation. A hybrid structure integrating a flux
observer and signal-injection techniques is proposed, which results in a rotor
position signal independent of motor parameters at low and zero speed. Although
the SMPM machine typically has a very low geometric saliency, the injection
technique is effective in tracking the saturation-induced saliency produced by
the stator flux. Experimental results are presented showing an excellent
performance for both the sensorless speed and position control using an
off-the-shelf SMPM machine.
53. 2. 4. M. Jansson, L. Harnefors, O. Wallmark, M.
Leksell, "Synchronization at startup and stable rotation reversal of sensorless
nonsalient PMSM drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no.
2, pp. 379- 387, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: In this paper, a variant of the
well-known "voltage model" is applied to rotor position estimation for
sensorless control of nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs).
Particular focus is on a low-speed operation. It is shown that a guaranteed
synchronization from any initial rotor position and stable reversal of rotation
can be accomplished, in both cases under load. Stable rotation reversal is
accomplished by making the estimator insensitive to the stator resistance. It
is also shown that the closed-loop speed dynamics are similar to those of a
sensored drive for speeds above approximately 0.1 per unit, provided that the
model stator inductance is underestimated. Experimental results support the
theory.
53. 2. 5. S. Shinnaka, "New sensorless vector control
using minimum-order flux state observer in a stationary reference frame for
permanent-magnet synchronous motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 388- 398, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper proposes a new sensorless
vector control method that can be applied to both of salient-pole and
nonsalient-pole permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The proposed
method estimates the phase of a rotor flux by a newly developed state observer
in a stationary reference frame for sensorless vector controls of PMSMs. The
flux state observer has the following attractive features: 1) it requires no
steady-state conditions for the dynamic mathematical model of the motor; 2) its
order is the minimum second; 3) a single observer gain is simply constant over
a wide operating range and can be easily designed; 4) it utilizes motor
parameters in a very simple manner; and 5) its structure is very simple and can
be realized at a very low computational load. The proposed speed-estimation
method, which exploits the inherent physical relation of integration/derivation
between phase and speed, is very simple and can properly estimate rotor speed.
The usefulness of the proposed method is examined and confirmed through
extensive experiments.
53. 2. 6. Jul-Ki Seok, Jong-Kun Lee, Dong-Choon Lee, "Sensorless
speed control of nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motor using
rotor-position-tracking PI controller," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 399- 405, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper presents a new velocity
estimation strategy of a nonsalient permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
drive without a high-frequency signal injection or special pulsewidth-modulation
(PWM) pattern. This approach is based on the d-axis current regulator output
voltage of the drive system that has the information of rotor position error.
Rotor velocity can be estimated through a rotor-position-tracking
proportional-integral (PI) controller that controls the position error to zero.
For zero and low-speed operation, the PI controller gains of rotor position
tracking controller have a variable structure according to the estimated rotor
velocity. In order to boost the bandwidth of the PI controller around zero
speed, a loop recovery technique is applied to the control system. The proposed
method only requires the flux linkage of the permanent magnet and is
insensitive to parameter estimation error and variation. The designers can
easily determine the possible operating range with a desired bandwidth and
perform vector control even at low speeds. The experimental results show the
satisfactory operation of the proposed sensorless algorithm under rated load
conditions.
53. 2. 7. C. De Angelo, G. Bossio, J. Solsona, G.O.
Garcia, M.I. Valla, "Mechanical sensorless speed control of permanent-magnet AC
motors driving an unknown load," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.
53, no. 2, pp. 406- 414, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A new sensorless scheme for
high-performance speed control of permanent-magnet ac motors (PMACMs) driving
an unknown load is proposed. This scheme uses an extended nonlinear
reduced-order observer to estimate the induced electromotive force (EMF) and
load torque. From the estimated variables, the rotor position, the rotor speed,
and the position derivative of flux are calculated and are used to close the
control loop. In order to improve the drive performance, the estimated load
torque is incorporated as a feedforward signal in the closed control loop. In
addition, the proposed sensorless PMACM drive allows the torque-ripple and
copper-loss minimization for motors with an arbitrary EMF waveform. Simulation
and experimental results to validate the proposal are presented in this paper.
53. 2. 8. M. Morimoto, K. Aiba, T. Sakurai, A. Hoshino,
M. Fujiwara, "Position sensorless starting of super high-speed PM Generator for
micro gas turbine," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2,
pp. 415- 420, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Position sensorless speed control of
super high-speed permanent magnet (PM) motor for micro gas turbine generation
system is described. Mechanically robust surface PM (SPM) generator is
installed in a turbine system. This generator is used as the starting motor.
The sensorless control of the synchronous generator/motor is done by using
voltage/frequency (V/F) control strategy without current loop. After the
simulation of the proposed strategy, no-load starting test of the generator and
actual starting test of the gas-turbine system are done. The proposed
sensorless-control system can start and control the PM motor from zero to 30
000 r/min. The results show that the proposed system is robust for accelerating
the generator even in the existence of the disturbance caused by the ignition
of the turbine.
53. 2. 9. J.X. Shen, S. Iwasaki, "Sensorless control of
ultrahigh-speed PM brushless motor using PLL and third harmonic back EMF,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 421- 428, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) ML4425 is often used for sensorless control of permanent-magnet (PM)
brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drives. It integrates the terminal
voltage of the unenergized winding that contains the back electromotive force (EMF)
information and uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) to determine the proper
commutation sequence for the BLDC motor. However, even without pulsewidth
modulation, the terminal voltage is distorted by voltage pulses due to the
freewheel diode conduction. The pulses, which appear very wide in an
ultrahigh-speed (120 kr/min) drive, are also integrated by the ASIC.
Consequently, the motor commutation is significantly retarded, and the drive
performance is deteriorated. In this paper, it is proposed that the ASIC should
integrate the third harmonic back EMF instead of the terminal voltage, such
that the commutation retarding is largely reduced and the motor performance is
improved. Basic principle and implementation of the new ASIC-based sensorless
controller will be presented, and experimental results will be given to verify
the control strategy. On the other hand, phase delay in the motor currents
arises due to the influence of winding inductance, reducing the drive
performance. Therefore, a novel circuit with discrete components is proposed.
It also uses the integration of third harmonic back EMF and the PLL technique
and provides controllable advanced commutation to the BLDC motor.
53. 2. 10. P. Guglielmi, M. Pastorelli, A. Vagati,
"Impact of cross-saturation in sensorless control of transverse-laminated
synchronous reluctance motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.
53, no. 2, pp. 429- 439, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Synchronous reluctance (SyR) motors are
well suited to a zero-speed sensorless control, because of their inherently
salient behavior. However, the cross-saturation effect can lead to large errors
on the position estimate, which is based on the differential anisotropy. These
errors are quantified in the paper, as a function of the working point. The
so-calculated errors are then found in good accordance with the purposely
obtained experimental measurements. The impact of the amplitude of the carrier
voltage is then pointed out, leading to a mixed (carrier injection plus
electromotive force estimation) control scheme. Last, a scheme of this type is
used, with a commercial transverse-laminated SyR motor. The robustness against
cross-saturation is shown, in practice, and the obtained drive performance is
pointed out proving to be effective for a general-purpose application.
53. 2. 11. A. Arias, C.A. Silva, G.M. Asher, J.C.
Clare, P.W. Wheeler, "Use of a matrix converter to enhance the sensorless
control of a surface-mount permanent-magnet AC motor at zero and low
frequency," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 440-
449, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper addresses the use of a matrix converter (MC) with high-frequency voltage injection for zero- and low-speed sensorless control of surface mount permanent magnet alternating current motors. This paper also proposes a dual compensation technique that can practically eliminate zero-current-crossing distortions in MCs, discusses the effect of such distortions on sensorless control using injection techniques, and presents experimental results that illustrate the enhanced low-speed sensorless performance that can be obtained from exploiting the effective linearity of the MC operation.
Power Electronics
53. 2. 12. K. Borisov, T.E. Calvert, J.A. Kleppe, E.
Martin, A.M. Trzynadlowski, "Experimental investigation of a naval propulsion
drive model with the PWM-based attenuation of the acoustic and electromagnetic
noise," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 450- 457,
April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: An extensive experimental investigation
of a 40-hp ac drive was conducted with the focus on mitigation of the acoustic
and electromagnetic noise, and vibration, by means of random pulsewidth
modulation (RPWM) employed in the drive's inverter. The drive was a laboratory
model of an electric propulsion system for naval vessels, particularly electric
submarines, in which the noise mitigation is crucial for survivability. Three
PWM methods were compared: 1) the classic deterministic PWM, characterized by a
constant switching period equal to the sampling period of the digital
modulator; 2) the known RPWM technique, referred to as RPWM I, in which the
switching and sampling periods are varied simultaneously in a random manner;
and 3) a novel RPWM method, referred to as RPWM II, with a constant sampling
period and the switching periods randomly varied around an average value equal
to the sampling period. The experimental results have confirmed the mitigating
properties of RPWM with respect to the acoustic and electromagnetic noise, and
vibration. Because of the fixed sampling frequency, the RPWM II technique is
technically more convenient than the classic RPWM I method and only marginally
less effective in flattening the peaks of noise spectra. Importantly,
conclusions drawn from the described study are valid for ac drives in general.
53. 2. 13. L.G. Franquelo, Ma.A.M. Prats, R.C.
Portillo, J.I.L. Galvan, M.A. Perales, J.M. Carrasco, E.G. Diez, J.L.M.
Jimenez, "Three-dimensional space-vector modulation algorithm for four-leg
multilevel converters using abc coordinates," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 458- 466, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: In this paper, a novel three-dimensional
(3-D) space-vector algorithm for four-leg multilevel converters is presented.
It can be applied to active power filters or neutral-current compensator
applications for mitigating harmonics and zero-sequence components using abc
coordinates (referred from now on this paper as natural coordinates). This
technique greatly simplifies the selection of the 3-D region where a given
voltage vector is supposed to be found. Compared to a three-level modulation
algorithm for three-leg multilevel converters, this algorithm does not increase
its complexity and the calculations of the active vectors with the
corresponding switching time that generate the reference voltage vector. In
addition, the low-computational cost of the proposed algorithm is always the
same and it is independent of the number of levels of the converter.
53. 2. 14. C.B. Jacobina, T.M. Oliveira, E.R.C. da
Silva, "Control of the single-phase three-leg AC/AC converter," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 467- 476, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: In this paper, a multilevel inverter
system for an open-end winding induction motor drive is described. Multilevel
inversion is achieved by feeding an open-end winding induction motor with two
two-level inverters in cascade (equivalent to a three-level inverter) from one
end and a single two-level inverter from the other end of the motor. The
combined inverter system with open-end winding induction motor produces voltage
space-vector locations identical to a six-level inverter. A total of 512
space-vector combinations are available in the proposed scheme, distributed
over 91 space-vector locations. The proposed inverter drive scheme is capable
of producing a multilevel pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) waveform for the phase
voltage ranging from a two-level waveform to a six-level waveform depending on
the modulation range. A space-vector PWM scheme for the proposed drive is
implemented using a 1.5-kW induction motor with open-end winding structure.
53. 2. 15. M.E. Ortuzar, R.E. Carmi, J.W. Dixon, L.
Moran, "Voltage-source active power filter based on multilevel converter and
ultracapacitor DC link," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no.
2, pp. 477- 485, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A new topology for active power filters
(APF) using an 81-level converter is analyzed. Each phase of the converter is
composed of four three-state converters, all of them connected to the same
capacitor dc link voltage and their output connected in series through output
transformers. The main advantages of this kind of converter are the negligible
harmonic distortion obtained and the very low switching frequency operation.
The single-phase equivalent circuit is analyzed and their governing equations
derived. The dc link voltage control, based on manipulating the converter's
voltage phase, is analyzed together with the circuit's characteristics that
determine the capability to draw or deliver active and reactive current.
Simulation results for this application are compared with conventional
pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters, showing that this filter can compensate
load current harmonics, keeping better-quality sinusoidal currents from the
source. The simulated configuration uses a 1-F ultracapacitor in the dc link,
making it possible to store energy and deliver it during short voltage dips.
This is achieved by applying a modulation control to maintain a stable ac
voltage during dc voltage drops. A prototype of the filter was implemented and
tested, and the obtained current waveforms showed to be as good as expected.
53. 2. 16. E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, "Design of a
maximum power tracking system for wind-energy-conversion applications,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 486- 494, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A wind-generator (WG)
maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) system is presented, consisting of a
high-efficiency buck-type dc/dc converter and a microcontroller-based control
unit running the MPPT function. The advantages of the proposed MPPT method are
that no knowledge of the WG optimal power characteristic or measurement of the
wind speed is required and the WG operates at a variable speed. Thus, the
system features higher reliability, lower complexity and cost, and less
mechanical stress of the WG. Experimental results of the proposed system
indicate near-optimal WG output power, increased by 11%-50% compared to a WG
directly connected via a rectifier to the battery bank. Thus, better
exploitation of the available wind energy is achieved, especially under low
wind speeds.
53. 2. 17. K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, Y. Sekine, "An
excellent operating point tracker of the solar-cell power supply system,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 495- 499, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: When the solar array is used as an input
power source, the excellent operating point tracker is often employed to
exploit more effectively the solar array as an electric power source and to
obtain the maximum electric power at all times even when the light intensity
and environmental temperature of the solar array are varied. Usually, the
excellent operating point is determined by computing the electric power from
the solar-array power supply with a microcomputer, digital signal processor,
etc. However, such a method has the following problems: 1) complex
control-circuit configuration; 2) high cost; and 3) low control speed. From
this viewpoint, this paper proposes a new excellent operating point tracker of
the solar-cell power supply system, in which inexpensive p-n junction diodes
are used to generate the reference voltage of the operating point of the solar
array. Using the proposed method, the high degree of the solar-array excellent
point tracking performance can be obtained even when the light intensity and
environmental temperature of the solar array are varied. Furthermore, this
paper provides the operation principle, design-oriented analysis, etc., of the
proposed solar-cell power supply system.
53. 2. 18. Chien-Ming Wang, "A new single-phase ZCS-PWM
boost rectifier with high power factor and low conduction losses," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 500- 510, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper proposes a new single-phase
high-power-factor rectifier, which features regulation by conventional
pulsewidth modulation (PWM), soft commutation, and instantaneous average line
current control. A new zero-current switching PWM (ZCS-PWM) auxiliary circuit
is configured in the presented ZCS-PWM rectifier to perform ZCS in the active
switches and zero-voltage switching (ZVS) in the passive switches. Furthermore,
soft commutation of the main switch is achieved without additional current
stress by the presented ZCS-PWM auxiliary circuit. A significant reduction in
the conduction losses is achieved because of the following reasons: 1) the
circulating current for the soft switching flows only through the auxiliary
circuit; 2) a minimum number of switching devices are involved in the
circulating current path; and 3) the proposed rectifier uses a single converter
instead of the conventional configuration composed of a four-diode front-end
rectifier followed by a boost converter. Seven transition states for describing
the behavior of the ZCS-PWM rectifier in one switching period are described.
The PWM-switch model is used to predict the system performance. A prototype
rated at 1 kW, operating at 60 kHz, with an input alternating current voltage
of 220 V/sub rms/ and an output voltage of 400 V/sub dc/, has been implemented
in laboratory. An efficiency of 98.3% and a power factor over 0.99 have been
measured. Analysis, design, and the control circuitry are also presented in
this paper.
53. 2. 19. B. Choi, W. Lim, Sanghyun Bang, Seungwon
Choi, "Small-signal analysis and control design of asymmetrical half-bridge
DC-DC converters," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp.
511- 520, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper presents the small-signal
modeling, dynamic analysis, and control design of the asymmetrical half-bridge
dc-dc converter that employs a clamp capacitor and a magnetizing inductor to
accommodate pulsewidth-modulated operation with asymmetrical duty ratios. The
circuit averaging technique is applied to extract the small-signal dynamics of
the power stage, and a graphical loop-gain method is used to design the
feedback compensation and analyze the closed-loop performance of the converter.
The distinctive power-stage dynamics of the converter are addressed and design
guidelines for voltage feedback compensation are established. The results of
the control design and closed-loop analysis are substantiated by experiments
using an experimental converter.
53. 2. 20. J.J. Nelson, G. Venkataramanan, A.M. El-Refaie,
"Fast thermal profiling of power semiconductor devices using Fourier
techniques," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 521-
529, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Accurate prediction of temperature
variation of power semiconductor devices in power electronic circuits is
important to obtain optimum designs and estimate reliability levels.
Temperature estimation of power electronic devices has generally been performed
using transient thermal equivalent circuits. In the presence of varying load
cycles, it has been typical to resort to a time-domain electrical simulation
tool such as P-Spice or SABER to obtain a time series of the temperature
profiles. However, for complex and periodic load cycles, time-series simulation
is time consuming. In this paper, a fast Fourier analysis-based approach is
presented for obtaining temperature profiles for power semiconductors. The
model can be implemented readily into a spreadsheet or simple mathematical
algebraic calculation software. The technique can be used for predicting
lifetime and reliability level of power circuits easily. Details of the
analytical approach and illustrative examples are presented in this paper.
53. 2. 21. F. Forest, J.-J. Huselstein, S. Faucher, M.
Elghazouani, P. Ladoux, T.A. Meynard, F. Richardeau, C. Turpin, "Use of
opposition method in the test of high-power electronic converters," Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 530- 541, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper presents an optomechatronic
system which can detect, by triangulation, the position of a light point
source, fastened onto a robot part. The sensing system consists of two
positioning modules for optical transducers, which automatically follow the
direction of the light point source. The system control is accomplished by
means of data acquisition boards and LabVIEW programming.
Emerging Technology
53. 2. 22. Jun-Young Lee, Myung-Joong Youn, "An
advanced sustaining technology for plasma display panel using voltage-balancing
method," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 542- 553,
April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Two microelectrostatic actuators able to
produce a repulsive force in the out-of-plane direction are presented in this
paper. The electrostatic actuators use an asymmetric electric field surrounding
the top and bottom surfaces of the moving fingers to produce a repulsive force.
The displacement of translation micromirrors driven by these actuators is not
limited by the “pull-in” effect and, therefore, can achieve a large stroke. In
addition, the usage of a repulsive force leads to the elimination of the
stiction problem. An analytical model relating the displacement of the first
actuator to voltage applied is presented. The analytical model and numerical
simulations show that a translation micromirror driven by the first actuator
can achieve a stroke as large as 6
53. 2. 23. R. Amirifar, N. Sadati, "Low-order H/sub /spl
infin// controller design for an active suspension system via LMIs," Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 554- 560, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: An application of a new controller order
reduction technique with stability and performance preservation based on linear
matrix inequality optimization to an active suspension system is presented. In
this technique, the rank of the residue matrix of a proper rational
approximation of a high-order H/sub /spl infin// controller subject to the
H/sub /spl infin//-norm of a frequency-weighted error between the approximated
controller and the high-order H/sub /spl infin// controller is minimized.
However, because solving this matrix rank minimization problem is very
difficult, the rank objective function is replaced with a nuclear-norm that can
be reduced to a semidefinite program so that it can be solved efficiently.
Application to the active suspension system of the Automatic Laboratory of
Grenoble provides a fourth-order controller. The experimental results show that
the control specifications are met to a large extent.
53. 2. 24. Kapjin Lee, Chulsoo Kim, Kyihwan Park,
"Development of an eddy-current-type magnetic floor hinge," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 561- 568, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A magnetic floor hinge is suggested to
use a magnetic damping characteristic obtained by the eddy-current effect. It
has a superior advantages compared to the conventional hydraulic floor hinge.
First, there exists no wear in the magnetic damper since the disk rotates
between the magnets without contact. Second, the deviation of the damping
torque is very small in varying seasons due to the low temperature dependence
of the conductivity of the disk to which the magnetic damping torque is
proportional. The analytical models obtained for the damping torque and the
recovering torque are experimentally investigated. The cost optimal design is
carried out using the analytical models while satisfying the performance
requirements. The analytical results are compared with experimental results.
Finally, a prototype of the magnetic floor hinge is built.
53. 2. 25. Rong-Jong Wai, Kuo-Ho Su, "Adaptive enhanced
fuzzy sliding-mode control for electrical servo drive," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 569- 580, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
53. 2. 26. C.H. Lo, Y.K. Wong, A.B. Rad, "Intelligent
system for process supervision and fault diagnosis in dynamic physical
systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 581-
592, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: In recent years, the increasing
complexity of process plants and other engineered systems has extended the
scope of interest in control engineering, which was previously focused on the
development of controllers for specified performance criteria such as stability
and precision. Modern industrial systems require a higher demand of system
reliability, safety, and low-cost operation, which in turn call for
sophisticated and elegant fault-detection and isolation algorithms. This paper
develops an intelligent supervisory coordinator (ISC) for process supervision
and fault diagnosis in dynamic physical systems. A qualitative bond graph
modeling scheme, integrating artificial-intelligence techniques with control
engineering, is used to construct the knowledge base of the ISC. A supervisor
provided by the ISC utilizes the knowledge in the knowledge base to classify
various system behaviors, coordinates different control tasks (e.g., fault
diagnosis), and communicates system states to human operators. The ISC provides
a robust semiautonomous system to assist human operators in managing dynamic
physical systems. The proposed ISC has been successfully applied to supervise a
laboratory-scale servo-tank liquid process rig.
53. 2. 27. A. Kusiak, S. Shah, "Data-mining-based
system for prediction of water chemistry faults," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 593- 603, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Fault monitoring and prediction is of
prime importance in process industries. Faults are usually rare, and,
therefore, predicting them is difficult. In this paper, simple and robust
alarm-system architecture for predicting incoming faults is proposed. The
system is data driven, modular, and based on data mining of merged data sets.
The system functions include data preprocessing, learning, prediction, alarm
generation, and display. A hierarchical decision-making algorithm for fault
prediction has been developed. The alarm system was applied for prediction and
avoidance of water chemistry faults (WCFs) at two commercial power plants. The
prediction module predicted WCFs (inadvertently leading to boiler shutdowns)
for independent test data sets. The system is applicable for real-time
monitoring of facilities with sparse historical fault data.
53. 2. 28. F. Jatta, G. Legnani, A. Visioli, "Friction
compensation in hybrid force/velocity control of industrial manipulators,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 604- 613, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper deals with the implementation
of a hybrid force/velocity controller for the automatic edge following of
two-dimensional unknown planar contours performed by an industrial robot
manipulator. In particular, the authors address the problem of compensating the
joint friction effects that have to be taken into account in the controller
design in order to achieve a reasonable performance with regards to normal
force and tangential velocity errors. For that reason, two model-based
friction-compensation methods are compared: a static method, based on a
previously identified model, and an adaptive method, where joint friction
parameters are recursively updated. By means of an extensive experimental
activity, it is shown that, in spite of its simplicity and despite the friction
effects changing in time during the robot operations, the devised adaptive
procedure obtains a high performance in different operating conditions.
53. 2. 29. J. Moreno, M.E. Ortuzar, J.W. Dixon,
"Energy-management system for a hybrid electric vehicle, using ultracapacitors
and neural networks," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2,
pp. 614- 623, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A very efficient energy-management
system for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), using neural networks (NNs), was
developed and tested. The system minimizes the energy requirement of the
vehicle and can work with different primary power sources like fuel cells,
microturbines, zinc-air batteries, or other power supplies with a poor ability
to recover energy from a regenerative braking, or with a scarce power capacity
for a fast acceleration. The experimental HEV uses lead-acid batteries, an
ultracapacitor (UCAP) bank, and a brushless dc motor with nominal power of 32
kW, and a peak power of 53 kW. The digital signal processor (DSP) control
system measures and stores the following parameters: primary-source voltage,
car speed, instantaneous currents in both terminals (primary source and UCAP),
and actual voltage of the UCAP. When UCAPs were installed on the vehicle, the
increase in range was around 5.3% in city tests. However, when optimal control
with NN was used, this figure increased to 8.9%. The car used for this
experiment is a Chevrolet light utility vehicle (LUV) truck, similar in shape
and size to Chevrolet S-10, which was converted to an electric vehicle (EV) at
the Universidad Catolica de Chile. Numerous experimental tests under different
conditions are compared and discussed.
Control And Signal Processing
53. 2. 30. K. Ohno, T. Hara, "Adaptive resonant mode
compensation for hard disk drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 624- 630, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper is concerned with a
mechanical resonant mode compensation problem for hard disk drives.
Conventional notch filters must have deep and wide enough frequency
characteristics in order to accommodate all possible resonant mode
characteristic perturbations, which result in deterioration in positioning
accuracy and residual vibration after seeking. This paper proposes an
easy-to-implement adaptive notch filter of which the center frequency follows
the resonant frequency change. The basic idea of this adaptive filter is to
balance two kinds of frequency weighted variances of the control input signal.
53. 2. 31. N. Muskinja, B. Tovornik, "Swinging up and
stabilization of a real inverted pendulum," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 631- 639, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: The basic aim of the present work was to
swing up a real pendulum from the pending position and to balance stably the
pendulum at the upright position and further move the pendulum cart to a
specified position on the pendulum rail in the shortest time. Different control
strategies are compared and tested in simulations and in real-time experiments,
where maximum acceleration of the pendulum pivot and length of the pendulum
rail are limited. A comparison of fuzzy swinging algorithm with energy-based
swinging strategies shows advantages of using fuzzy control theory in nonlinear
real-time applications. An adaptive state controller was developed for a
stabile, and in the same time optimal balancing of an inverted pendulum and a
switching mechanism between swinging and balancing algorithm is proposed.
53. 2. 32. Rong-Jong Wai, Ching-Hsiang Tu, "Adaptive
grey control for hybrid resonant driving linear piezoelectric ceramic motor,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 640- 656, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper presents an adaptive grey
control (AGC) system for a linear piezoelectric ceramic motor (LPCM) driven by
a newly designed hybrid resonant inverter. First, the motor configuration and
the driving circuit of an LPCM are introduced, and its hypothetical dynamic
model is described briefly. The hybrid resonant drive system has the merits of
high voltage gain from a parallel resonant current source and the invariant
output characteristic from a two-inductance two-capacitance (LLCC) resonant
driving circuit. Since the dynamic characteristics and motor parameters of the
LPCM are highly nonlinear and time varying, an AGC system is therefore
investigated based on the principle of computed torque control and grey method
to achieve high-precision position control under wide operation range. In this
control system, a grey uncertainty predictor is utilized to estimate the lumped
uncertainty on line to relax the requirement of the unknown uncertainty in the
design of a computed torque position controller. In addition, the effectiveness
of the proposed drive and control system is verified by numerical simulations
and experimental results in the presence of uncertainties.
53. 2. 33. Rong-Jong Wai, Kuo-Ho Su, "Supervisory
control for linear piezoelectric ceramic motor drive using genetic algorithm,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 657- 673, April
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: This paper presents a supervisory
genetic algorithm (SGA) control system for a linear piezoelectric ceramic motor
(LPCM) driven by a two-inductance two-capacitance resonant driving circuit.
First, the motor configuration and driving circuit of an LPCM are introduced,
and its hypothetical dynamic model is described briefly. Since the dynamic
characteristics and motor parameters of the LPCM are highly nonlinear and time
varying, an SGA control system is therefore investigated to achieve
high-precision position control. The proposed SGA control system is composed of
two parts. One is a GA control that is utilized to search an optimum control
effort online via gradient descent training process, and the other is a
supervisory control to stabilize the system states around a predefined bound
region. Compared with conventional GA control systems, the proposed control
scheme possesses the salient advantages of simple structure, fewer executing
time, and good self-organizing properties. The effectiveness of the proposed
driving circuit and control system is verified with numerical simulations and
hardware experiments under the occurrence of uncertainties. In addition, the
advantages of the proposed control scheme are indicated in comparison with a
traditional integral-proportional position-control system.
53. 2. 34. Rong-Jong Wai, Li-Jung Chang, "Adaptive
stabilizing and tracking control for a nonlinear inverted-pendulum system via
sliding-mode technique," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no.
2, pp. 674- 692, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Since the system behaviors of a
dual-axis inverted-pendulum mechanism including actuator dynamics are highly
nonlinear, it is difficult to design a suitable control system that realizes
real-time stabilization and accurate tracking control at all times. In this
paper, an adaptive sliding-mode control system is implemented to control a
dual-axis inverted-pendulum mechanism that is driven by permanent magnet
synchronous motors. First, the energy conservation principle is adopted to
build a mathematical model of the motor-mechanism-coupled system. Moreover, an
adaptive sliding-mode control system is developed for stabilizing and tracking
control of the dual-axis inverted-pendulum system, where an adaptive algorithm
is investigated to relax the requirement of the bound of lumped uncertainty in
the traditional sliding-mode control. In addition, numerical simulation and
experimental results show that the proposed control scheme provides
high-performance dynamic characteristics and is robust with regard to
parametric variations, various reference trajectories, and different initial
states.
53. 2. 35. Z. Salcic, Jiaying Cao, Sing Kiong Nguang,
"A floating-point FPGA-based self-tuning regulator," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 693- 704, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Recursive-least-square (RLS) algorithm
is widely used in many areas with real-time implementation using digital signal
processors. In this paper, the authors present a pure hardware implementation
of a self-tuning regulator (STR) that uses a real-time RLS algorithm as the
parameter estimator. The STR contains a controller design circuit and a
controller circuit. Due to RLS computation-precision and dynamic-range
requirements, the hardware implementation uses a floating-point format. The
floating-point processing elements presented in this paper use parameterized
design, where the number of exponents and mantissa bits can be changed as the
data range and the accuracy of a specific application require. The strategies
for overcoming the covariance matrix asymmetrical problem during the hardware
computation and the covariance matrix resetting is introduced when the system
is poorly exciting are presented. The design was verified with real-time
experiments using a new testbed. The experiment results are presented.
Letters To The Editor
53. 2. 36. M.M. Hernando, A. Fernandez, J. Garcia, D.G.
Lamar, M. Rascon, "Comparing Si and SiC diode performance in commercial
AC-to-DC rectifiers with power-factor correction," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 705- 707, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Improvements in power electronics are
basically the result of research in two main fields, namely: 1) new topologies
and 2) new devices. Researchers' efforts to achieve improved topologies are
necessarily limited by the characteristics of the devices. As a result, both
topologies and devices must move forward jointly and at same time. This letter
studies the impact of silicon carbide diodes on a classic structure of
power-factor correction-the boost converter.
53. 2. 37. Sang Kyung Kim, Hee Seok Han, Young Jin Woo,
Gyu Hyeong Cho, "Detection and regulation of CCFL current and open-lamp voltage
while keeping floating condition of the lamp," Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 707- 709, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A new simple balanced circuitry using
four printed circuit board trace capacitors effectively detects the
cold-cathode fluorescent lamp current and the transformer voltage of the
inverter without grounding either side of the lamp. The inverter employing this
circuit is free from the problems caused by grounding one side of the lamp, and
it provides a stable and wide dimming control as well as an open-lamp voltage
regulation with a better efficacy.
53. 2. 38. A.F. Zobaa, "Maintaining a good power factor
and saving money for industrial loads," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 710- 711, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Power quality has been gaining
importance in the last few years and, more so, because of the deregulation of
electricity. Harmonic distortion at a load bus is of paramount importance to
both utility and customers. For the utility, a power factor (PF) improvement
reduces system losses and increases the portion of generation capacity
available for productive uses. This letter introduces a mathematical model to
select the size of a compensating capacitor with minimum total cost including
limitation of the PF, avoiding resonance condition, and satisfying the IEEE Std
18-1992 limits.
53. 2. 39. Yongqiang Ye, D. Wang, "Learning more
frequency components using P-type ILC with negative learning gain," Trans.
on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 712- 716, April 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Power Electronics
53. 3. 1. A. Bendre, G. Venkataramanan, D. Rosene, V.
Srinivasan, "Modeling and design of a neutral-point voltage regulator for a
three-level diode-clamped inverter using multiple-carrier modulation,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 718- 726, June
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: The three-level diode-clamped multilevel
converter commonly called the neutral-point-clamped converter has become
established to be a preferred topology for high-power motor drive applications
operating at several kilovolts. Although solutions to the problem of
maintaining a stable neutral-point voltage in the converter continue to be the
topic of research, a simple solution based on a design-oriented dynamic model
of the system is not widely known. This paper presents the design, analysis,
and implementation of a simple neutral-point voltage regulator for a
three-level diode-clamped multilevel inverter, which uses a multiple-carrier
sine-triangle modulator in conjunction with a closed-loop controller for
neutral-point regulation. Redundant state choices are controlled via a
continuous offset voltage that regulates the dc injection into the midpoint of
the dc bus. A small-signal transfer function is developed in closed form, for
neutral-point regulation, with the voltage offset as the control variable.
Besides maintaining dc-bus voltage balance, the use of the approach leads to a
significant reduction in the voltage distortion at the neutral point, allowing
a definitive reduction in the required dc bus capacitance. Analytical, computer
simulation, and experimental results verifying the approach are presented in
this paper.
53. 3. 2. Xiangning He, A. Chen, Hongyang Wu, Yan Deng,
Rongxiang Zhao, "Simple passive lossless snubber for high-power multilevel
inverters," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 727-
735, June 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A passive lossless snubber circuit for
multilevel inverters is proposed in this paper. The topology is simple and
requires no extra control circuit. In order to reduce the high-voltage stress
on power switches with this snubber circuit, an improved snubber circuit is
presented by adding separate low-power direct current voltage sources into the
original one. The operating principles and design considerations are described
in detail in this paper. A prototype of a three-phase three-level diode-clamped
inverter with the improved passive lossless snubber is built and tested. The
simulation and experimental results indicate that not only can it realize the
soft switching operation of the three-level inverter with low-voltage stress
but also the topology and the control are simple.
53. 3. 3. Jih-Sheng Lai, Xudong Huang, E. Pepa,
Shaotang Chen, T.W. Nehl, "Inverter EMI modeling and simulation methodologies,"
Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 736- 744, June
2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A numerical prediction of electromagnetic interference (EMI) allows evaluation of EMI performances at the design stage and before prototyping. It can also help reduce the post-prototype electromagnetic compatibility cost by minimizing late redesign and modifications of a drive implementation. This paper describes two simulation approaches with time- and frequency-domain simulations and verifies them with experimental results. Both time- and frequency-domain simulation approaches are found effective as long as the noise source and propagation path are properly modeled. The three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element-analysis (FEA)-based parasitic parameter extraction tool-Ansoft Spicelink has been used substantially. To gain additional degree of confidence, the results obtained from FEA are verified with closed-form solutions and actual measurements.
Drive Control
53. 3. 4. S. Lineykin, S. Ben-Yaakov, "Unified SPICE
compatible model for large and small-signal envelope simulation of linear
circuits excited by modulated signals," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 745- 751, June 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: The envelope-simulation method,
developed earlier for large-signal simulation [time domain (TRAN)] is extended
to include small-signal envelope simulation (ac) and dc sweep simulation
(steady state for a range of carrier frequencies). The model is derived for
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM)
modulation schemes and is demonstrated on a piezoelectric transformer circuit.
The model is based on the equivalent circuit approach and can be run on any
modern electronic circuit simulator. An excellent agreement was found between
the simulation results according to the new unified envelope model, full
simulation, and experimental results.
53. 3. 5. A.I. Maswood, Zee Kum Yoong, "Design aspects
of a switch-mode transformer under wide input voltage variation," Trans. on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 752- 758, June 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: Proposed is a discrete switch-mode
fly-back power supply that combines part of its resonance topology into its
switch-mode transformer (SMT). The resonant action is generated by the snubber
circuit, and an expensive tank circuit is avoided. The "minimum switch on"
circuit from the proposed SMT primary and lower auxiliary winding is designed
in such a way that it provides a delay of half-resonant cycle before the driver
circuit switches on the biasing circuit. This paper presents some practical
design aspects of a series of SMTs intended to be used in developed and
developing countries where the ac mains voltage is expected to fluctuate from
very narrow to wide ranges, respectively.
53. 3. 6. Qi Feng, R.M. Nelms, J.Y. Hung, "Posicast-based
digital control of the buck converter," Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 759- 767, June 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: The analysis, design, and
microcontroller-based implementation of a digital controller using a Posicast
element are presented for the buck converter. Posicast is a feedforward
compensator that eliminates overshoot in system response, but the traditional
approach is sensitive to variations in natural frequency. The new method
described here reduces the undesirable sensitivity by using Posicast within a
feedback loop. Compared to classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID)
control, the new control results in lower noise in the control signal because
the controller has a lower gain at high frequency. Furthermore, the authors'
experiments indicate that the new controller is less sensitive to the inherent
time delay associated with a digital controller for a dc-dc converter. The
authors present a straightforward method to design controller parameters from
the small-signal averaged model of the converter dynamics. Experimental results
for a PID-controlled converter and Posicast-type controller are also compared.
53. 3. 7. Chien-Ming Wang, "New family of
zero-current-switching PWM converters using a new zero-current-switching PWM
auxiliary circuit," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3,
pp. 768- 777, June 2006. Abstract
Link Full
Text
Abstract: A new family of zero-current-switching (ZCS)
pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converters using a new ZCS-PWM auxiliary circuit is
presented in this paper. The main switch and auxiliary switch operate at ZCS
turn-on and turn-off, and the all-passive semiconductor devices in the ZCS-PWM
converters operate at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turn-on and turn-off.
Besides operating at constant frequency and reducing commutation losses, these
new converters have no additional current stress and conduction loss in the
main switch in comparison to the hard-switching converter counterpart. The PWM
switch model and state-space averaging approach is used to estimate and examine
the steady-state and dynamic character of the system. The new family of ZCS-PWM
converters is suitable for high-power applications using insulated gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs). The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, and
experimental results of the new ZCS-PWM boost converter, rated 1.6 kW and
operating at 30 kHz, are provided in this paper to verify the performance of
this new family of converters.
53. 3. 8. M. Bertoluzzo, G. Buja, R. Menis, "Direct
torque control of an induction motor using a single current sensor," Trans.
on Indust