IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
Special Section on Motor Fault Detection and Diagnosis
1. M. El Hachemi Benbouzid, "A review of induction motors signature analysis as a medium for faults detection," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 984-993, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper is intended as a tutorial overview of induction motors signature analysis as a medium for fault detection. The purpose is to introduce in a concise manner the fundamental theory, main results, and practical applications of motor signature analysis for the detection and the localization of abnormal electrical and mechanical conditions that indicate, or may lead to, a failure of induction motors. The paper is focused on the so-called motor current signature analysis which utilizes the results of spectral analysis of the stator current. The paper is purposefully written without “state-of-the-art” terminology for the benefit of practising engineers in facilities today who may not be familiar with signal processing
2. F. Filippetti, G. Franceschini, C. Tassoni, P. Vas, "Recent developments of induction motor drives fault diagnosis using AI techniques," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 994-1004, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a review of the developments in the field of diagnosis of electrical machines and drives based on artificial intelligence (AI). It covers the application of expert systems, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and fuzzy logic systems that can be integrated into each other and also with more traditional techniques. The application of genetic algorithms is considered as well. In general, a diagnostic procedure starts from a fault tree developed on the basis of the physical behavior of the electrical system under consideration. In this phase, the knowledge of well-tested models able to simulate the electrical machine in different fault conditions is fundamental to obtain the patterns characterizing the faults. The fault tree navigation performed by an expert system inference engine leads to the choice of suitable diagnostic indexes, referred to a particular fault, and relevant to build an input data set for specific AI (NNs, fuzzy logic, or neuro-fuzzy) systems. The discussed methodologies, that play a general role in the diagnostic field, are applied to an induction machine, utilizing as input signals the instantaneous voltages and currents. In addition, the supply converter is also considered to incorporate in the diagnostic procedure the most typical failures of power electronic components. A brief description of the various AI techniques is also given; this highlights the advantages and the limitations of using AI techniques. Some applications examples are also discussed and areas for future research are also indicated
3. K.A. Loparo, M.L. Adams, W. Lin, M.F. Abdel-Magied, N. Afshari, "Fault detection and diagnosis of rotating machinery," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1005-1014, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A model-based approach to the detection and diagnosis of mechanical faults in rotating machinery is studied in this paper. For certain types of faults, for example, raceway faults in rolling element bearings, an increase in mass unbalance, and changes in stiffness and damping, algorithms suitable for real-time implementation are developed and evaluated using computer simulation
4. O. Moseler, R. Isermann, "Application of model-based fault detection to a brushless DC motor ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1015-1020, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : In comparison to classical DC motors, brushless DC motors are very reliable, Nevertheless, they can also fail, caused by, e.g., overheating or mechanical wear. This paper proposes a parameter estimation technique for fault detection on this type of motor. Simply by measuring the motor's input and output signals, its parameters can be estimated. This method is based on a mathematical model of the process. In the presented work, a square-wave motor is considered. An appropriate model is derived. To be able to implement the method also on low-cost microcontroller-based control units, only the power inverter supply voltage, DC current, and the motor's angular velocity have to be measured. The parameter estimation technique provides information about the electrical resistance and the back-EMF constant as well as about the mechanical parameters. Comparing the nominal with the computed parameters, faults can be detected. The approach might be applied to both end-of-line and online fault detection. Results for simulated data demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed procedure. Finally, a real-world application-an actuation system with a brushless DC motor mounted to a gearbox-is given
5. Xiang-Qun Liu, Hong-Yue Zhang, Jun Liu, Jing Yang, "Fault detection and diagnosis of permanent-magnet DC motor based on parameter estimation and neural network," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1021-1030, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, fault detection and diagnosis of a permanent-magnet DC motor is discussed. Parameter estimation based on block-pulse function series is used to estimate the continuous-time model of the motor. The electromechanical parameters of the motor can be obtained from the estimated model parameters. The relative changes of electromechanical parameters are used to detect motor faults. A multilayer perceptron neural network is used to isolate faults based on the patterns of parameter changes. Experiments with a real motor validate the feasibility of the combined use of parameter estimation and neural network classification for fault detection and isolation of the motor
6. N. Arthur, J. Penman, "Induction machine condition monitoring with higher order spectra ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1031-1041, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper describes a novel method of detecting and unambiguously diagnosing the type and magnitude of three induction machine fault conditions from the single sensor measurement of the radial electromagnetic machine vibration. The detection mechanism is based on the hypothesis that the induction machine can be considered as a simple system, and that the action of the fault conditions are to alter the output of the system in a characteristic and predictable fashion. Further, the change in output and fault condition can be correlated allowing explicit fault identification. Using this technique, there is no requirement for a priori data describing machine fault conditions, the method is equally applicable to both sinusoidally and inverter-fed induction machines and is generally invariant of both the induction machine load and speed. The detection mechanisms are rigorously examined theoretically and experimentally, and it is shown that a robust and reliable induction machine condition-monitoring system has been produced. Further, this technique is developed into a software-based automated commercially applicable system
7. C. Kral, R.S. Wieser, F. Pirker, M. Schagginger, "Sequences of field-oriented control for the detection of faulty rotor bars in induction machines-the Vienna Monitoring Method," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1042-1050, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : Rotor cage asymmetries of induction machines cause disturbances of the air-gap flux pattern. These deviations affect torque and speed as well as stator terminal voltages and currents. The proposed fault detection technique senses the actual machine state with the help of real-time space-phasor models. The Vienna Monitoring Method compares online a voltage model output with a current model and observes the deviations in a rotor fixed reference frame. High accuracy and robustness allow the detection of a faulty rotor bar out of the switched voltage and current signals of an inverter-fed machine in an early state. The focus of this paper is the detection of a single rotor bar increase under transient speed conditions without the necessity of a clutched load. During an inverter-controlled acceleration, lasting only 200 ms, the Vienna Monitoring Method evaluates currents, voltages, and rotor position for the calculation of an indication quantity that allows for reliable detection. As only one acceleration task does not excite every rotor cage bar sufficiently, a set of acceleration and deceleration cycles has to be driven
8. T.W.S. Chow, H.-Z. Tan, "HOS-based nonparametric and parametric methodologies for machine fault detection," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1051-1059, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A framework for the detection and identification of machine faults through vibration measurements and higher order statistics (HOS) analysis is presented. As traditional signal processing techniques are based on the nonparametric magnitude analysis of vibration signals, in this paper, two different state-of-the-art HOS-based methods, namely, a nonparametric phase-analysis approach and a parametric linear or nonlinear modeling approach are used for machine fault diagnostic analysis. The focus of this paper is on the application of the techniques, not on the underlying theories. Each technique is described briefly and is accompanied by an experimental discussion on how it can be applied to classify the synthetic mechanical and electrical faults of induction machines compared with their normality. Promising results were obtained which show that the presented methodologies are possible approaches to perform effective preventive maintenance in rotating machinery
9. B. Li, M.-Y. Chow, Y. Tipsuwan, J.C. Hung, "Neural-network-based motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1060-1069, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : Motor systems are very important in modern society. They convert almost 60% of the electricity produced in the US into other forms of energy to provide power to other equipment. In the performance of all motor systems, bearings play an important role. Many problems arising in motor operations are linked to bearing faults. In many cases, the accuracy of the instruments and devices used to monitor and control the motor system is highly dependent on the dynamic performance of the motor bearings. Thus, fault diagnosis of a motor system is inseparably related to the diagnosis of the bearing assembly. In this paper, bearing vibration frequency features are discussed for motor bearing fault diagnosis. This paper then presents an approach for motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis using neural networks and time/frequency-domain bearing vibration analysis. Vibration simulation is used to assist in the design of various motor rolling bearing fault diagnosis strategies. Both simulation and real-world testing results obtained indicate that neural networks can be effective agents in the diagnosis of various motor bearing faults through the measurement and interpretation of motor bearing vibration signatures
10. D. Fuessel, R. Isermann, "Hierarchical motor diagnosis utilizing structural knowledge and a self-learning neuro-fuzzy scheme," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1070-1077, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A fault diagnosis system contains a classification system that can distinguish between different faults based on observed symptoms of the process under investigation. Since the fault symptom relationships are not always known beforehand, a system is required which can be learned from experimental or simulated data. A fuzzy-logic-based diagnosis is advantageous. It allows an easy incorporation of a priori known rules and enables the user to understand the inference of the system. In this paper, a new diagnosis scheme is presented and applied to a DC motor. The approach is based on the combination of structural a priori knowledge and measured data in order to create a hierarchical diagnosis system that can be adapted to different motors. Advantages of the system are its transparency and an increased robustness over traditional classification schemes
11. G.M. Joksimovic, J. Penman, "The detection of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of operating motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1078-1084, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper develops a winding-function-based method for modeling polyphase cage induction motors with inter-turn short circuits in the machine stator winding. Analytical consideration which sheds light on some components of the stator current spectra of both healthy and faulty machines is developed. It is shown that, as a result of the nature of the cage rotor, no new frequency components of the line current spectra can appear as a consequence of the fault. Only a rise in some of the frequency components which already exist in the line current spectra of a healthy machine can be observed. An experimental setup comprising a 3 kW delta-connected motor loaded by a generator was used to validate this approach. The experimental results obtained clearly validate the analytical and simulation results
12. R. Ong, J.H. Dymond, R.D. Findlay, "Bearing damage analysis in a large oil-ring-lubricated induction machine," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1085-1091, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, an alternative method of online detection capable of discerning machine failure modes resulting in shaft current is proposed. The relationship between shaft current and fault conditions such as asymmetrical flux due to joints in the lamination segments, broken rotor bars, air-gap eccentricity, saturation, and slot harmonics are investigated. The diagnostic equipment used in the investigation of a three-phase medium-voltage squirrel-cage induction machine is described. The experimental results using the alternative method of online detection of shaft current are presented
13. A.M. Trzynadlowski, E. Ritchie, "Comparative investigation of diagnostic media for induction motors: a case of rotor cage faults," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1092-1099, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : Results of a comparative experimental investigation of various media for noninvasive diagnosis of rotor faults in induction motors are presented. Stator voltages and currents in an induction motor were measured, recorded, and employed for computation of the partial and total input powers and of the estimated torque. Waveforms of the current, partial powers pAB and pCB, total power, and estimated torque were subsequently analyzed using the fast Fourier transform. Several rotor cage faults of increasing severity were studied with various load levels. The partial input power pCB was observed to exhibit the highest sensitivity to rotor faults. This medium is also the most reliable, as it includes a multiplicity of fault-induced spectral components
14. B.M. Wilamowski, O. Kaynak, "Oil well diagnosis by sensing terminal characteristics of the induction motor," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1100-1107, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : Oil well diagnosis usually requires dedicated sensors placed on the surface and the bottom of the well. There is significant interest in identifying the characteristics of an oil well by using data from these sensors and neural networks for data processing. The purpose of this paper is to identify oil well parameters by measuring the terminal characteristics of the induction motor driving the pumpjack. Information about oil well properties is hidden in instantaneous power waveforms. The extraction of this information was done using neural networks. For the purpose of training neural networks, a complex model of the system, which included 25 differential equations, was developed. Successful application of neural networks was possible due to the proposed signal preprocessing which reduces thousands of measured data points into 20 scalar variables. The special input pattern transformation was used to enhance the power of the neural networks. Two training algorithms, originally developed by authors, were used in the learning process. The presented approach does not require special instrumentation and can be used on any oil well with a pump driven by an induction motor. The quality of the oil well could be monitored continuously and proper adjustments could be made. The approach may lead to significant savings in electrical energy, which is required to pump the oil
15. D.A.G. Pedder, A.D. Brown, J.N. Ross, A.C. Williams, "A parallel-connected active filter for the reduction of supply current distortion," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1108-1117, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : The use of switching regulators and power supplies in domestic and light industrial environments is becoming more common. Their popularity derives from a number of desirable characteristics, but a highly undesirable feature, often overlooked by the designer, is the highly nonlinear load imposed by these systems on the supply. For a single load, it is not uncommon to find more than 90% of the power extracted during the central 30° of the supply halfwave. When large numbers of these systems are connected to a common supply (for example, a bank may have literally hundreds of PCs in a dealing room in a single building), significant harmonic distortion can be induced in the supply and thus experienced by other loads. In this paper, we discuss a practical implementation of a waveform correcting circuit; the system stores energy in a capacitor and injects it appropriately into the local supply distribution subsystem, such that the overall load experienced by the external supply is sinusoidal. The system is physically small, and dissipates little power in its own right. It is thus suitable for installation in, for example, an office environment
Power Electronics
16. Horng-Bin Hsu, Chern-Lin Chen, Song-Yi Lin, Kun-Ming Lee, "Regenerative power electronics driver for plasma display panel in sustain-mode operation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1118-1125, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A regenerative power electronic circuit is proposed to drive a plasma display panel (PDP) in sustain-mode operation. This driver utilizes inductors to resonate with the equivalent intrinsic capacitance of the PDP to avoid the abrupt charging/discharging operation. The energy losses due to conventional hardswitching driving and the displacement current of the PDP are mainly recovered. Compared with prior approaches, this driving circuit has a quite simple structure and is suitable for asymmetrical operation
17. M.S. Islam, J. Husain, "Torque-ripple minimization with indirect position and speed sensing for switched reluctance motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1126-1133, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A torque-ripple-minimization controller is realized along with indirect position and speed sensing for switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The position and speed estimations are derived from a sliding-mode observer that requires terminal measurements of only phase voltages and currents. The research shows that position- and speed-sensorless observers can be reliably used for control of an SRM. Experimental results using a four-phase, 8/6 SRM and the TMS320C30 digital signal processor are presented. The results demonstrate position- and speed-sensorless closed-loop operation of a torque-ripple-minimized SRM drive
Drive Control
18. S. Bolognani, M. Zordan, M. Zigliotto, "Experimental fault-tolerant control of a PMSM drive," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1134-1141, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : The paper describes a study and an experimental verification of remedial strategies against failures occurring in the inverter power devices of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive. The basic idea of this design consists of incorporating a fourth inverter pole, with the same topology and capabilities of the other conventional three poles. This minimal redundant hardware, appropriately connected and controlled, allows the drive to face a variety of power device fault conditions while maintaining a smooth torque production. The achieved results also show the industrial feasibility of the proposed fault-tolerant control, that could fit many practical applications
19. N. Teske, G.M. Asher, M. Sumner, K.J. Bradley, "Suppression of saturation saliency effects for the sensorless position control of induction motor drives under loaded conditions," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1142-1150, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents an automated commissioning procedure used for the elimination of the saturation saliency effects in the sensorless position control of field-orientated cage induction motor drives. The position control itself is based on extracting a rotor position estimate from a high-frequency signal injection interacting with natural or engineered rotor position saliencies within the machine. The paper shows that this estimate cannot be robustly or accurately obtained if saturation saliencies are present. The paper introduces a method for suppressing the effects of the saturation saliency through information gained in a prior commissioning procedure. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated through experimental results showing both good suppression of the saturation harmonics and true sensorless position control under high load torques
Robotics and Vision
20. Meng Joo Er, Swee Hong Chin, "Hybrid adaptive fuzzy controllers of robot manipulators with bounds estimation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1151-1160, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A hybrid adaptive fuzzy controller comprises a weighted combination of a direct and an indirect adaptive fuzzy controller, with a continuously switched supervisory controller. The direct and indirect adaptive fuzzy controllers allow fuzzy control rules and fuzzy descriptions to be incorporated respectively, to achieve better adaptation speed. In the design of the supervisory controller, the bounds of the unknown robot dynamics are not required; they are adaptively estimated in the Lyapunov sense. Experimental evaluation conducted on a SEIKO TT-3000 SCARA robot shows that the proposed hybrid adaptive fuzzy controller is robust and stable. It also outperforms both the direct and indirect adaptive fuzzy controllers designed by the authors in their previous work in terms of tracking accuracy and the magnitude of control torque required
Emerging Technologies
21. S.Y. Foo, "A fuzzy logic approach to fire detection in aircraft dry bays and engine compartments," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1161-1171, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a fuzzy logic approach is applied to detect hydrocarbon fires in aircraft dry bays and engine compartments. The inputs to the fuzzy system consist of a set of statistical measures derived from the histogram and image subtraction analyses of successive image frames. Specifically, fuzzy rules based on the median, standard deviation, and normalized first-order moment statistical measures of histogram data and the mean statistical measure of image subtraction data of successive frames are used to compute the probability of a fire event. This fuzzy logic approach is also tested for false alarms such as those due to flashlights and high-power halogen lights. It is shown that image subtraction analysis can be used to accurately distinguish fires from false alarms
Letters to the Editor
22. Yu-Kang Lo, Huang-Jen Chiu, Sheng-Yuan Ou, "Constant-switching-frequency control of switch-mode rectifiers without current sensors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1172-1174, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A novel control scheme for single-phase switch-mode rectifiers is presented in this letter. By utilizing the constant-switching-frequency pulsewidth modulation scheme, the duty ratios of the switches in each switching cycle are determined based on the available input current slopes. No current sensors are required. The simulations and experiments show satisfactory results
23. Yu-Kang Lo, Huang-Jen Chiu, Sheng-Yuan Ou, "Dual hysteresis loops for a high-performance four-switch boost rectifier," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1174-1176, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A new current controller adopting dual hysteresis loops for a high-performance four-switch boost rectifier is proposed in this letter. The four-switch boost rectifier is operated under the so-called phase-adjusted unipolar pulsewidth modulation strategy. The inner loop confines the current ripple within a preset band. The outer loop determines the instants to change the switching patterns. Experimental results are satisfactory
24. J. Solsona, M.I. Valla, C. Muravchik, "On speed and rotor position estimation in permanent-magnet AC drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1176-1180, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : This letter deals with rotor position and speed estimation of permanent magnet AC drives. Two reduced-order observers, a linear (AO) and a nonlinear one (NLO), are compared, an adaptive speed estimation scheme is also considered, analysis and simulations show that the NLO has better performance and demands less computational load than the AO plus the adaptive scheme
25. X. Yu, M.W. Dunnigan, B.W. Williams, "Phase voltage estimation of a PWM VSI and its application to vector-controlled induction machine parameter estimation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1181-1184, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : For high-performance vector control of an induction machine, rotor resistance estimation is required. The commonly used state-space class of estimators requires voltage transducers as instantaneous phase voltages are used in the estimation algorithm. A phase voltage estimator is developed for a pulsewidth modulation voltage-source inverter. The voltage estimates are used in a rotor resistance estimator and practical results show that the usual phase-voltage transducers are unnecessary
26. Kao-Shing Hwang, Horag-Jen Chao, "Adaptive reinforcement learning system for linearization control ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1185-1188, Oct. 2000. Full Text Link
Abstract : A linearization scheme is proposed to demonstrate how a neural network scheme learns to linearize a system without any identification. The process occurs within an evaluator and a controller, which communicate with each other through reinforcement signals. From simulation results, the proposed learning scheme notably surpasses the conventional neural network approaches