IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 

Volume 48,  Number 1, Feb. 2001           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page

 

Special Section on Computational Intelligent Methodologies and Sliding Mode Control

1. 1.     O. Kaynak, K. Erbatur, M. Ertugnrl, "The fusion of computationally intelligent methodologies and sliding-mode control-a survey," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 4-17, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper surveys how some “intelligence” can be incorporated in sliding-mode controllers (SMCs) by the use of computational intelligence methodologies in order to alleviate the well-known problems met in practical implementations of SMCs. The use of variable-structure system theory in design and stability analysis of fuzzy controllers is also discussed by drawing parallels between fuzzy control and SMCs. An overview of the research and applications reported in the literature in this respect is presented

1. 2.     R.G. Berstecher, R. Palm, H.D. Unbehauen, "An adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode controller," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 18-31, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper deals with a new adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode controller and its application to a robot manipulator arm. The theory for this approach and for the heuristics-based linguistic adaptation is presented, and a mathematical description is derived. Furthermore, an application of this adaptive controller for a two-link robot arm is shown. The obtained results show the high efficiency of the new controller type

1. 3.     L.K. Wong, F.H.F. Leung, P.K.S. Tam, "A fuzzy sliding controller for nonlinear systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 32-37, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : It is well known that sliding-mode control can give good transient performance and system robustness. However, the presence of chattering may introduce problems to the actuators. Many chattering elimination methods use a finite DC gain controller which leads to a finite steady-state error. One method to ensure zero steady-state error is using a proportional plus integral (PI) controller. This paper proposes a fuzzy logic controller which combines a sliding-mode controller (SMC) and a PI controller. The advantages of the SMC and the PI controller can be combined and their disadvantages can be removed. The system stability is proved, although there is one more state variable to be considered in the PI subsystem. An illustrative example shows that good transient and steady-state responses can be obtained by applying the proposed controller

1. 4.     Q.P. Ha, Q.H. Nguyen, D.C. Rye, H.F. Durrant-Whyte, "Fuzzy sliding-mode controllers with applications," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 38-46, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper concerns the design of robust control systems using sliding-mode control that incorporates a fuzzy tuning technique. The control law superposes equivalent control, switching control, and fuzzy control. An equivalent control law is first designed using pole placement. Switching control is then added to guarantee that the state reaches the sliding mode in the presence of parameter and disturbance uncertainties. Fuzzy tuning schemes are employed to improve control performance and to reduce chattering in the sliding mode. The practical application of fuzzy logic is proposed here as a computational-intelligence approach to engineering problems associated with sliding-mode controllers. The proposed method can have a number of industrial applications including the joint control of a hydraulically actuated mini-excavator as presented in this paper. The control hardware is described together with simulated and experimental results. High performance and attenuated chatter are achieved. The results obtained verify the validity of the proposed control approach to dynamic systems characterized by severe uncertainties

1. 5.     Chih-Lyang Hwang, Chau Jan, Ye-Hwa Chen, "Piezomechanics using intelligent variable-structure control," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 47-59, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The so-called piezomechanics contain three parts: piezoelectric translator, carriage mechanism, and control system. It is well known that piezomechanics have three drawbacks: (1) it should only be loaded axially; (2) it contains a hysteresis feature; and (3) its expansion is dependent on temperature. The first drawback is tackled by the design of the carriage mechanism. This paper focuses on dealing with the second and third drawbacks by using an intelligent variable-structure control. First, a neural network is employed to learn the dynamics of the piezomechanism. Second, a novel forward control based on the learned model is employed to achieve an acceptable tracking result. Because the tracking performance by a forward control cannot be guaranteed as the system is subject to uncertainties, a discrete-time variable-structure control is synthesized to improve the performance. No state estimator is required for the proposed control. The stability of the overall system is verified via the Lyapunov analysis. Experiments are also presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control

1. 6.     Faa-Jeng Lin, Rong-Jong Wai, "Sliding-mode-controlled slider-crank mechanism with fuzzy neural network," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 60-70, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The dynamic response of a sliding-mode-controlled slider-crank mechanism, which is driven by a permanent-magnet (PM) synchronous servo motor, is studied in this paper. First, a position controller is developed based on the principles of sliding-mode control. Moreover, to relax the requirement of the bound of uncertainties in the design of a sliding-mode controller, a fuzzy neural network (FNN) sliding-mode controller is investigated, in which a FNN is adopted to adjust the control gain in a switching control law on line to satisfy the sliding mode condition. In addition, to guarantee the convergence of tracking error, analytical methods based on a discrete-type Lyapunov function are proposed to determine the varied learning rates of the FNN. Numerical and experimental results show that the dynamic behaviors of the proposed controller-motor-mechanism system are robust with regard to parametric variations and external disturbances. Furthermore, compared with the sliding-mode controller, smaller control effort results and the chattering phenomenon is much reduced by the proposed FNN sliding-mode controller

1. 7.     J.R. Espinoza, G. Joos, J.I. Guzman, L.A. Moran, R.P. Burgos, "Selective harmonic elimination and current/voltage control in current/voltage-source topologies: a unified approach," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 71-81, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a unified approach for generating pulsewidth-modulated patterns for three-phase current-source rectifiers and inverters (CSR/Is) that provides unconstrained selective harmonic elimination and fundamental current control. The approach uses the chopping angles or gating patterns developed for voltage-source rectifiers and inverters in combination with a logic circuit to generate the gating patterns for CSR/Is. The circuit also includes naturally and symmetrically distributed shorting pulses. Thus, the approach avoids the hassle of positioning the shorting pulses and defining and solving a set of nonlinear equations dedicated to CSR/Is. Moreover, the approach can eliminate an even or odd arbitrary number of harmonics (e.g., fundamental current control and elimination of the 5th, 7th, and 11th harmonics). This is an improvement over existing techniques and a new approach to pattern generation. Simulated and experimental results for both static and dynamic operating conditions are presented in order to validate the effectiveness of the approach

Power Electronics

1. 8.     M. Ehsani, K.M. Rahman, M.D. Bellar, A.J. Severinsky, "Evaluation of soft switching for EV and HEV motor drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 82-90, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Soft switching has the potential of reducing switch stresses and of lowering the switching losses as compared to hard switching. To understand the effectiveness of the soft-switching technique, when applied to electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) systems, it may be necessary to first evaluate their system requirements and performance. This evaluation process would require knowledge of the vehicle dynamics. The vehicle load requires a special torque-speed profile from the drivetrain for minimum power ratings to meet the vehicle's operational constraints, such as initial acceleration and gradability. The selection of motor and its control for EV and HEV applications are dictated mainly by this special torque-speed requirement. As a consequence, this requirement will have a strong influence on the converter operation. This paper makes an attempt to evaluate EV and HEV running in both standard Federal Test Procedure 1975 city driving and highway driving cycles. A simplified analysis is carried out for several of the most commonly used electric motors operating on the optimal torque-speed profile. Special attention is given to the converter conduction and switching losses, by analyzing the switching losses, and by assuming that an ideal soft-switching scheme will have zero switching losses, one can evaluate the improvement in the system efficiency if a soft-switching control is used. The relative significance of soft switching for EV and HEV systems is then established

1. 9.     W. le Roux, J.D. van Wyk, "Modeling of distortion compensation ineffectivity in filters for nonactive power," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 91-100, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper evaluates the error in compensation due to two main limitations. The first limitation is the lagging of the compensation reference caused by the sampling and processing due to digital signal processing equipment. The second limitation is the di/dt capability of the switching converter. Models are derived to evaluate the error due to these two limitations, as well as the percentage contribution to the total ineffectivity of compensation. Experimental results confirm that the mentioned limitation that has the most detrimental effect on compensation can easily be determined with the use of the models derived in this paper

1. 10.     F.-S. Hamdad, A.K.S. Bhat, "A novel pulsewidth control scheme for fixed-frequency zero-voltage-switching DC-to-DC PWM bridge converter," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 101-110, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A new gating pulse scheme is proposed for the control of DC-to-DC pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) bridge converter that provides zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for all the switches for a wide variation in load and input voltage. This new complementary fixed-edge gating control scheme is compared to the traditional phase shift control scheme. Modes of operation are presented and analyzed. Based on the analysis, design procedure and design curves are obtained. An optimum design is given and a design example is presented. Results obtained from PSPICE simulation for the converter designed are given to verify the performance of the proposed converter for varying load as well as line voltage. Detailed results obtained from a 500 W experimental converter are given to verify the advantages of the proposed gating scheme

1. 11.     J. Paramesh, A. von Jouanne, "Use of sigma-delta modulation to control EMI from switch-mode power supplies," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 111-117, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a major cause of concern in switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs) which commonly use standard pulsewidth modulation (PWM). In this paper, sigma-delta (ΣΔ) modulation is proposed as an alternative switching technique to reduce conducted EMI from an SMPS. The result of using ΣΔ modulation is a spread in the spectrum of the conducted emissions so that large concentrations of power at discrete frequencies are avoided. Experimental time-domain waveforms and spectra of the switching function of first-order and second-order ΣΔ modulators are presented to prove the viability of the scheme for EMI mitigation. These modulators are then applied to a DC-DC converter in an off-the-shelf computer power supply and experimental results show a reduction of roughly 5-10 dB·μV in EMI emissions over standard PWM modulators

1. 12.     Xiangning He, Kuang Sheng, B.W. Williams, Zhaoming Qian, S.J. Finney, "A composite soft-switching inverter configuration with unipolar pulsewidth modulation control," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 118-126, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a new composite soft-switching configuration for single-phase inverters where power bridge leg modules are used. The presented configuration consists of only one inductor and one capacitor as well as two low-power-rated switches/diodes for full-bridge circuits. It can realize snubber functions and/or resonant zero-current switching at any load current for switches in power inverters with unipolar sinusoid pulse width modulation control. The idea presented here is that soft-switching processes at turn-on and turn-off for each active switch in inverters can be different. The detailed circuit operational processes, simulation waveforms, and experimental results are included

1. 13.     T. Suntio, "Analysis and modeling of peak-current-mode-controlled buck converter in DICM," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 127-135, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a unified method to obtain both small- and large-signal models for a peak-current-mode-controlled buck converter which accurately predict its behavior. The models show that the peak-current-mode transfer functions are effectively of first order, as can be expected due to the heavy bounding of inductor current. The large-signal behavior can be accurately predicted by using a simple algebraic equation including the mode limit of basic-switching-frequency operation as well as the input-output relations. It is also pointed out that a buck converter can have stable open-loop as well as closed-loop operation modes at basic switching frequency and at its even and odd harmonics. The subharmonic modes are, however, not controllable in a conventional way

1. 14.     Byungcho Choi, Sung-Soo Hong, Hyokil Park, "Modeling and small-signal analysis of controlled on-time boost power-factor-correction circuit," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 136-142, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A large-signal average model for the controlled on-time boost power-factor-correction (PFC) circuit is developed and subsequently linearized, resulting in a small-signal model for the PFC circuit. AC analyses are performed using the small-signal model, revealing new results on the small-signal dynamics of the PFC circuit. The analysis results and model predictions are confirmed with experimental measurements on a 200-W prototype PFC circuit

1. 15.     P.I. Po, Byoung-Gook Loh, "Feasibility of using ultrasonic flexural waves as a cooling mechanism," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 143-150, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The potential convective heat transfer capability of an ultrasonic flexural wave (UFW) is experimentally investigated. The UFW includes an ultrasonic flexural standing wave (USW) and an ultrasonic flexural traveling wave (UTW). The factors that might affect the cooling performance of the UFW are investigated. Those include the vibration amplitude of the UFW, the gap between the cooling source and the object above it, and the temperature of the object being cooled. It was observed that the temperature drop increased with the vibration amplitude. At gaps below 100 μm, a temperature drop was not observed. As the gap was increased to more than 100 μm, the temperature drop increased until it reached an optimum gap producing maximum temperature drop. Beyond the optimum gap, the temperature drop began to decrease. Also, it was observed that the temperature drop increased as the temperature difference between the object and ambient air increased. The cooling performance of the USW and UTW was investigated and compared. The differences in cooling performance were found to be insignificant. This indicates that acoustic streaming is the dominant factor in the convective heat transfer using the UFW. However, using resonance, the UTW creates a temperature drop six times greater than the UTW for a given power supply. With the USW having a vibration amplitude of 25 μm, an object at 98°C was cooled down to 58°C in 5 min. The temperature drop obtained by using the USW was approximately 80% of a conventional fan oriented with respect to the heated object such that the maximum heat transfer occurs. The UFW-based fan offers advantages over the conventional fan, such as silent operation, minimal heat dissipation, lack of wearing parts, and slim profile. These benefits make the fan an ideal candidate for cooling miniature parts in an enclosed workspace. Finally, a possible design option for minimizing the fan using thin-film PZT is presented

1. 16.     L.R. Nerone, "Analysis and design of a self-oscillating class E ballast for compact fluorescent lamps," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 151-160, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The Class E inverter is the basis for a low-cost high-frequency ballast, but the control system is more complex than the self-oscillating Class D inverter. The added complexity neutralizes any cost savings gained by the single switch inverter. This paper explores a novel self-oscillating Class E ballast from a design perspective. A qualitative analysis shows how this self-oscillating system operates, from startup, through ignition to the steady state. Optimum component values are found from a quantitative analysis of the inverter. This mathematical model is the basis for the design methodology. Analytical results are compared with the physical model

1. 17.     L. Harnefors, K. Pietilainen, L. Gertmar, "Torque-maximizing field-weakening control: design, analysis, and parameter selection," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 161-168, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The torque-maximizing field-weakening control scheme proposed by Kim and Sul is developed further. The performance under imperfect field orientation conditions is investigated, and it is shown that an overestimated-rather than an underestimated-model leakage inductance should be used. A slightly modified algorithm, which offers better robustness and reduced computational complexity, is presented. The importance, for good performance, of combining the scheme with current and speed controllers featuring antiwindup and improved disturbance rejection is emphasized. The dynamics of the resulting closed-loop system are analyzed. Obtained in the process, are rules for selection of all controller parameters, allowing tuning without trial-and error steps. Good performance of the resulting system is verified experimentally
 

Drive Control



1.18.     Kok Kiong Tan, T.H. Lee, S.N. Huang, Xi Jiang, "Friction modeling and adaptive compensation using a relay feedback approach," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 169-176, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, the application of a dual-relay feedback approach toward modeling of frictional effects in servomechanisms is addressed. The friction model consists of Coulomb and viscous friction components, both of which can be automatically extracted from suitably designed relay experiments. At the same time, the dynamical model of the servomechanical system can be obtained from the experiments. Thus, a proportional-integral-derivative feedback motion controller and a feedforward friction compensator can be automatically tuned in this manner. The friction model obtained is also directly applicable to initialization of an adaptive control scheme proposed. Results from simulation and experiments are presented to illustrate the practical appeal of the proposed method

1. 19.     K.M. Tsang, Guomin Li, "Robust nonlinear nominal-model following control to overcome deadzone nonlinearities," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 177-184, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A robust nonlinear nominal-model following control is proposed to overcome deadzone nonlinearities which are unavoidable in many physical systems due to the imperfections of system components. First, an ideal linear nominal model of the plant and a model controller are employed to generate an ideal reference output. Then, a nonlinear robust loop controller is added to force the actual output to follow the ideal reference output. The robust loop controller contains an ordinary proportional-integral-derivative controller combined with a deadband relay. The added deadband relay has the capability of reducing nonlinear effects of the plant. A systematic design methodology is established and it is linked to the conventional control system design. The proposed scheme is practically applied to the control of a DC motor position servo system containing a severe deadzone nonlinearity. Both simulation and experimental results have illustrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed technique

1. 20.     M. Tsuji, Shuo Chen, K. Izumi, E. Yamada, "A sensorless vector control system for induction motors using q-axis flux with stator resistance identification," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 185-194, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a sensorless vector control system for general-purpose induction motors, which is based on the observer theory and the adaptive control theories. The proposed system includes a rotor speed estimator using a q-axis flux and stator resistance identifier using the d-axis flux. The advantages of the proposed system are simplicity and avoidance of problems caused by using only a voltage model. Since the mathematical model of this system is constructed in a synchronously rotating reference frame, a linear model is easily derived for analyzing the system stability, including the influence of the observer gain, motor operating state, and parameter variations. In order to obtain stable low-speed operation and speed control accuracy, an algorithm for compensating for the deadtime of the inverter and correcting the nonideal features of an insulated gate bipolar transistor was developed. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been verified by digital simulation and experimentation

1. 21.     S.N. Vukosavic, A.M. Stankovic, "Sensorless induction motor drive with a single DC-link current sensor and instantaneous active and reactive power feedback," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 195-204, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper proposes a novel torque and speed control structure for low-cost induction motor variable-speed drives with a single DC-link current sensor. The controller is based on reconstruction of the active and instantaneous reactive power from the DC-link current without the use of a shaft sensor. An effective way of achieving tracking of set values of motor torque and flux is to base the estimation on the instantaneous active (P) and reactive power (Q). The paper proposes a way for extracting instantaneous P and Q information from the DC-link current and the pulsewidth modulation pattern. Torque and flux controllers suitable for general purpose and traction applications are proposed. The paper presents analytical considerations, straightforward design guidelines, and experimental results obtained from a traction system with a battery-fed three-phase inverter and a 7.5 kW traction motor

1. 22.     Ching-Heng Ku, Wen-Hsiang Tsai, "Obstacle avoidance in person following for vision-based autonomous land vehicle guidance using vehicle location estimation and quadratic pattern classifier," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 205-215, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : An obstacle avoidance method for use in person following for vision-based autonomous land vehicle (ALV) guidance is proposed. This method is based on the use of vehicle location estimation and a quadratic pattern classifier, and aims to guide the ALV to follow a walking person in front by navigating along a derived collision-free path. Before generating the collision-free path, the person's location is obtained from extracted objects in the image by a person detection method. The object closest to a predicted person location is regarded as the followed person and the remaining objects are regarded as obstacles. The collision-free navigation path is designed for ALV guidance in such a way that the ALV not only can keep following the person but also can avoid collision with nearby obstacles. The navigation path results from a quadratic classifier that uses the vehicle and all of the objects in the image as input patterns. A turn angle is then computed to drive the ALV to follow the navigation path. Successful navigation sessions confirm the feasibility of the approach
 

Robotics and Vision



1.23.     Xinkai Chen, T. Fukuda, K.D. Young, "Adaptive quasi-sliding-mode tracking control for discrete uncertain input-output systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 216-224, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a discrete robust adaptive quasi-sliding-mode tracking controller is presented for input-output systems with unknown parameters, unmodeled dynamics, and bounded disturbances. The robust tracking controller is comprised of adaptive control and a sliding-mode-based control design. The bounded motion of the system around the sliding surface and the stability of the global system in the sense that all signals remain bounded are guaranteed. The adaptive algorithm, in which the deadzone method is employed even though the upper and lower bounds of the disturbances are unknown, is the extension of the authors' previous work for the state-space systems. An example and its simulation results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach
 

Signal Processing



1.24.     S.A. Amman, M. Das, "An efficient technique for modeling and synthesis of automotive engine sounds," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 225-234, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a new method for modeling and synthesis of automotive engine sounds using a deterministic-stochastic signal decomposition approach. First, the deterministic component is extracted using a synchronous discrete Fourier transform method and this is subtracted out from the original signal. Next, the (residual) stochastic component is modeled (and synthesized) using a new multipulse excited time-series modeling technique. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated using recorded data sets of actual engine sounds. The results of both numerical and subjective assessment tests are presented

1. 25.     M.H. Pong, X. Wu, C.M. Lee, Z. Qian, "Reduction of crosstalk on printed circuit board using genetic algorithm in switching power supply," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 235-238, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Crosstalk between printed circuit board (PCB) traces in switching power supplies may cause high electromagnetic interference emission. PCB layout plays an important part and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to produce a layout with reduced crosstalk. A coupling index and a new way of representing a trace for the GA process is presented


Letters to the Editor

1. 26.     K. Sundareswaran, "An improved energy-saving scheme for capacitor-run induction motor ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 238-240, Feb. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : Conventionally, the speed of a capacitor run single-phase induction motor is controlled by using an AC voltage controller (generally a triac) between the supply voltage and the motor. This letter proposes a new scheme, in which the triac is inserted in series with the main winding, while the motor auxiliary winding remains directly connected across the supply voltage. The experimental results indicate the superiority of the new method suggested in this letter

 


Volume 48,  Number 2, Apr. 2001           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page

 

Special Section on Microsensors and Microsystems for Harsh Environments



2. 1.     M.R. Werner, W.R. Fahrner, "Review on materials, microsensors, systems and devices for high-temperature and harsh-environment applications," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 249-257, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The considerable investment in silicon technology has rarely addressed device use in harsh environments such as high temperatures, aggressive media, and radiation exposure. A clear future requirement is to save weight, volume, and reduce costs in “unfriendly” environments like high temperatures. This can be achieved either by cooling systems or by electronic microsystem components suited to withstand high temperatures. The current status of cooling systems, harsh-environment sensors, and microsystems in view of markets, realized devices, material, properties, process maturity, and packaging technologies are reviewed. Possible semiconductor candidates for high-temperature applications are discussed. The main obstacles for the future of high-temperature and harsh-environment microsystems is highlighted

2. 2.     J.W. Mrosk, L. Berger, C. Ettl, H.-J. Fecht, G. Fischerauer, A. Dommann, "Materials issues of SAW sensors for high-temperature applications ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 258-264, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The technology of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices allows the integration of signal processing and sensor functions within one product. In the past, SAW sensors have been operated at room temperature or 100°C-200°C at most, material-related problems become obvious if one attempts to increase this operating temperature to a value as high as 1000°C. First experimental results are presented based on a variation of the metallization and the use of diffusion barriers. It is expected that the use of these specially tailored materials with particular functional properties will lend to a considerable improvement of the lifetime and reliability of SAW sensors and the development of devices resistant to high temperatures as well as high pressures and chemically aggressive environments. The high-temperature characteristics of such novel devices are investigated by finite-element simulation and by experimental deformation analysis. Which assembly, interconnection, and packaging techniques are applicable at 1000°C are also discussed

2. 3.     W.-E. Bulst, G. Fischerauer, L. Reindl, "State of the art in wireless sensing with surface acoustic waves ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 265-271, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Surface acoustic wave (SAW) passive devices can be used in novel applications such as wireless identification and sensing. For identification purposes, a SAW transponder picks up an electromagnetic request signal and stores it until all echoes caused by multipath propagation have died away. Then, a characteristic response is beamed back to the receiver. In radio-link sensors, a physical or chemical quantity influences the propagation properties of the SAW and consequently changes the response pattern of the device. This paper surveys the operating principle of such sensors and their state-of-the-art performance. Examples include temperature sensors and sensors for mechatronic applications

2. 4.     L. Demeus, V. Dessard, A. Viviani, S. Adriaensen, D. Flandre, "Integrated sensor and electronic circuits in fully depleted SOI technology for high-temperature applications," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 272-280, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The electrical characteristics of devices and circuits realized in CMOS technology on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates and operated at elevated temperatures are presented and compared with results obtained using other materials (bulk Si, GaAs, SiC). It is demonstrated that fully depleted CMOS on SOI is the most suitable process for the realization of complex electronic circuits to be operated in high-temperature environments, up to more than 300°C

2. 5.     J. Schutze, H. Ilgen, W.R. Fahrner, "An integrated micro cooling system for electronic circuits," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 281-285, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A fully FR4-compatible integrated cooling system has been developed. Cooling channels have been etched into a thick copper layer to form microchannels. The structure is reinforced by two prepreg layers toward the component and solder side. Several cooling channels can be independently run. The heat dissipation capability of the system is 20 W per channel (and heat source). Typical coolants are water or methoxynonafluorobutane. For an outlet to inlet temperature difference of 25°C and a power dissipation of 30 W, a (water) flow rate of 20 ml/min is required. Pressure losses are below 300 mbar (for water)

2. 6.     D. Lorenzen, J. Bonhaus, W.R. Fahrner, E. Kaulfersch, E. Worner, P. Koidl, K. Unger, D. Muller, S. Rolke, H. Schmidt, M. Grellmann, "Micro thermal management of high-power diode laser bars," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 286-297, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Lifetime and reliability of high-power diode laser bars are sensitively related to operating temperature, mounting stress, and solder electromigration. These three factors have been taken into account for the development of a new packaging technology for 1 cm laser bars of gallium arsenide. We examine the use of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond as heatspreaders in order to reduce thermal resistance of a microchannel cooler for liquid cooling. We show that it is possible to perform hard soldering on a CVD-diamond with a new technique. Additionally, we present a controlled water cooling system fit to the flow characteristics of the cooler. It permits one to adjust the emission wavelength of the diode lasers by changing the water flux

2. 7.     H. Baumann, P. Heinemeyer, W. Staiger, M. Topfer, K. Unger, D. Muller, "Optimized cooling systems for high-power semiconductor devices," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 298-306, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Straightforward air cooling of semiconductor devices has gradually been replaced by methods using liquid coolants, especially water cooling. In this paper, more advanced cooling devices for hockey-puck-type and module-type semiconductors are suggested. An established heat sink made of aluminum nitride for the water cooling of hockey-puck-type semiconductors has been used as a basis for the development of high-performance heat sinks for increased heat flux densities. By means of thermal and fluid dynamics simulation tools the internal geometry has been optimized with regard to improved heat transfer and reduced pressure drop. The simulation results have been confirmed by a number of experiments using various measuring techniques. As an alternative cooling method for semiconductor modules, a modified baseplate comprising a number of fins for direct water cooling has been suggested. For an intelligent temperature management control algorithms have been developed, resulting in a prototype application-specific integrated circuit which has been implemented for test purposes

2. 8.     W. Wondrak, R. Held, E. Niemann, U. Schmid, "SiC devices for advanced power and high-temperature applications ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 307-308, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Silicon carbide (SiC) process technology has made rapid progress, resulting in the realization of very promising electronic devices and sensors, enabling advanced solutions in power industry and mobile systems. In particular, for electronics working under harsh environmental conditions, SiC devices reach unprecedented performance. Transfer to production has already started for some applications

2. 9.     Byoung-Kuk Lee, M. Ehsami, "A simplified functional simulation model for three-phase voltage-source inverter using switching function concept," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 309-321, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a functional simulation model for the voltage-source inverter (VSI) using the switching function concept is studied and the actual implementation of the model is proposed with the help of Matlab Simulink. Also, this concept is extended to the voltage-doubler-type pulse width-modulated (PWM) AC-DC rectifier and the PWM AC-DC-AC converter. With the developed functional model, the simplification of the static power circuits can be achieved so that the convergence and long run-time problems can be solved. Also, in the functional model, the design parameters, such as voltage and current ratings of the power semiconductor switches and load current, can be easily calculated. The general switching function concept is reviewed in brief and the proposed functional models for the VSI, voltage-doubler rectifier, and PWM AC-DC-AC converter and their implementations using Matlab Simulink are explained in detail. Also, several informative simulation results verify the validity of the proposed models
 

Power Electronics



2.10.     F.T. Wakabayashi, M.J. Bonato, C.A. Canesin, "Novel high-power-factor ZCS-PWM preregulators," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 322-333, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper introduces novel zero-current-switching (ZCS) pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) preregulators based on a new soft-commutation cell, suitable for insulated gate bipolar transistor applications. The active switches in these proposed rectifiers turn on in zero current and turn off in zero current-zero voltage. In addition, the diodes turn on in zero voltage and their reverse-recovery effects over the active switches are negligible. Moreover, based on the proposed cell, an entire family of DC-to-DC ZCS-PWM converters can be generated, providing conditions to obtain naturally isolated converters, for example, derived buck-boost, Sepic and Zeta converters. The novel AC-to-DC ZCS-PWM boost and Zeta preregulators are presented in order to verify the operation of this soft-commutation cell. In order to minimize the harmonic contents of the input current, increasing the AC power factor the average-current-mode control is used, obtaining preregulators with AC power factor near unity and high efficiency at wide load range. The principle of operation, theoretical analysis, design example, and experimental results from test units for the novel preregulators are presented. The new boost preregulator was designed to nominal values of 1.6 kW output power, 220 Vrms input voltage, 400 Vdc output voltage, and operating at 20 kHz. The measured efficiency and power factor of the new ZCS-PWM boost preregulator were 96.7% and 0.99, respectively, with an input current total harmonic distortion (THD) equal to 3.42% for an input voltage with THD equal to 1.61%, at rated load

2. 11.     P. Mattavelli, G. Escobar, A.M. Stankovic, "Dissipativity-based adaptive and robust control of UPS," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 334-343, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, we investigate the output voltage control for a three-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) using controllers based on ideas of dissipativity. To provide balanced sinusoidal output voltages, even in the presence of nonlinear and unbalanced loads, we first derive a dissipativity-based controller using a frequency-domain representation of system dynamics. Adaptive refinements have been added to the controller to cope with parametric uncertainties. Second, based on the first adaptive controller, we propose a controller which turns out to have the proportional-plus-integral-type structure on rotating-frame variables, but with a special design of gain matrices. A sufficient condition in terms of the design parameters is presented for this controller that guarantees stability of the desired equilibrium and robustness against parameter uncertainties. Finally, simulation and experimental results on a three-phase prototype show effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach

2. 12.     Chen-Chang Liu, Horng-Bin Hsu, Shin-Tai Lo, Chern-Lin Chen, "An energy-recovery sustaining driver with discharge current compensation for AC plasma display panel," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 344-351, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A novel driver with discharge current compensation is proposed to drive an AC plasma display panel (PDP). This proposed circuit uses resonance between the inductor and the AC PDP to avoid abrupt charging/discharging. The four switches of the full bridge are all operated with zero-voltage-switching turn-on. In addition, an 8-in AC PDP equipped with the proposed driving circuit, operating at 100 kHz, is investigated. With the discharge current compensation, the experimental results show that the proposed driver can maintain the AC PDP to light at lower voltage (129 V)

2. 13.     Guan-Chyun Hsieh, Chang-Hua Lin, "Harmonized strategy for breaking the striations in the fluorescent lamp," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 352-366, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A harmonized strategy for breaking the striations in the fluorescent lamp is proposed. The harmonized circuit (HC) presented is a dependent current source and is used to modulate the lamp current by making the amplitudes of the even harmonics nearly the same as the neighboring odd harmonics. The time and frequency responses of the lamp current without and with HC are respectively simulated and experimented for describing the striation behavior. The dimmer system with HC can actually provide better immunity from striation for the lamp during a wide dimming range from 10% to 100%. In addition, the lighting efficiency increases up to 16.2%

2. 14.     D. Li, R. Tymerski, T. Ninomiya, "PECS-an efficient solution for simulating switched networks with nonlinear elements," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 367-376, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : PECS (Power Electronics Circuit Simulator) enables the time-domain simulation of switched networks that may contain nonlinear elements. Focus has been placed not only on obtaining high speed, but also on achieving a very high degree of accuracy. A set of optimized computer algorithms that have been incorporated into PECS to achieve these objectives are explained. Examples run, which include a power-factor correction circuit containing a multiplier/divider element, have shown over an order of magnitude speed advantage over other leading approaches
 

Drive Control



2.15.     Jung-Hwan Kim, Byung-Ro Moon, "Adaptive elevator group control with cameras," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 377-382, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A new elevator group control system is proposed. The system learns dynamic traffic flows by analyzing passenger traffic without prespecified patterns. A genetic algorithm continuously generates dispatch functions according to changes in passenger traffic. By considering the status inside elevators, the directions of passenger movement, and the number of waiting passengers, the system occasionally allocates multiple elevators for a single hall call, which assists in reducing passengers' waiting time. Experimental results showed up to 25% improvement over a system without the above features
 



2.bsp;   L. Harnefors, "Design and analysis of general rotor-flux-oriented vector control systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 383-390, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Reduced-order observers for rotor flux estimation of induction motors are considered. The “current” model and “voltage” model are obtained as special cases. It is shown that the flux dynamics form a nonlinear closed-loop system when the flux estimate is used for field orientation. The observer gain selection is extremely critical for good behavior of this system. A framework is developed, in which the properties of any gain selection can easily be assessed. Four candidate gain selections are considered, two of which yield schemes that do not use the rotor speed in their equations (inherently sensorless schemes). It is also shown that for any gain selection, an equivalent synchronous-frame implementation (i.e., indirect field orientation) always exists

2. 17.     An-Ming Lee, Li-Chen Fu, Chin-Yu Tsai, Yu-Chao Lin, "Nonlinear adaptive speed and torque control of induction motors with unknown rotor resistance," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 391-401, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, we propose a nonlinear adaptive speed and torque controller of induction motors with unknown rotor resistance. All the system parameters except rotor resistance are assumed to be known, and only the stator currents and rotor speed are assumed to be available. The desired speed and torque should be a smooth bounded function. A complete proof of the global stability without singularity is given, and the output error will converge to zero asymptotically. Finally, the simulation and experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller

2. 18.     T. Senjyu, T. Shingaki, K. Uezato, "Sensorless vector control of synchronous reluctance motors with disturbance torque observer," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 402-407, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The elimination of the position sensor has been one important requirement in vector control systems because the position sensor spoils the reliability and simplicity of drive systems. Therefore, we present a sensorless vector control technique for synchronous reluctance motors. The rotor position is calculated easily from ds-qs-axes flux linkages which are estimated with a first-order lag compensator. Furthermore, utilizing estimated rotor position as the input of the full-order observer, the rotor speed and disturbance torque are estimated. The proposed sensorless vector control scheme is demonstrated with experimental results

2. 19.     Gou-Jen Wang, Chuan-Tzueng Fong, K.J. Chang, "Neural-network-based self-tuning PI controller for precise motion control of PMAC motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 408-415, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In general, proportional plus integral (PI) controllers used in computer numerically controlled machines possess fixed gain. They may perform well under some operating conditions, but not all. To increase the robustness of fixed-gain PI controllers, we propose a new neural-network-based self-tuning PI control system. In this new approach, a well-trained neural network supplies the PI controller with suitable gain according to each operating condition pair (torque, angular velocity, and position error) detected. To demonstrate the advantages of our proposed neural-network-based self-tuning PI control technique, both computer simulations and experiments were executed in this research. During the computer simulation, the direct experiment method was adopted to better model the problem of hysteresis in the AC servo motor. In real experiments, a PC-based controller was used to carry out the control tasks. Results of both computer simulations and experiments show that the newly developed dynamic PI approach outperforms the fixed PI scheme in rise time, precise positioning, and robustness


Robotics and Vision

2. 20.     Young-Kiu Choi, Min-Jung Lee, Sungshin Kim, Young-Chul Kay, "Design and implementation of an adaptive neural-network compensator for control systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 416-423, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : Recently, many studies have been made for intelligent controls using the neural-network (NN). These NN approaches for control strategies are based on the concept of replacing the conventional controller with a new NN controller. However, it is usually difficult and unreliable to replace the factory-installed controller with another controller in the workplace. In this case, it is desirable to install an additional outer control loop around the conventional control system to compensate for the control error of the preinstalled conventional control system. This paper presents an adaptive NN compensator for the outer loop to compensate for the control errors of conventional control systems. The proposed adaptive NN compensator generates a new command signal to the conventional control system using the control error that is the difference between the desired reference input and the actual system response. The proposed NN-compensated control system is adaptable to the environment changes and is more robust than the conventional control systems. Experimental results for a SCARA-type manipulator show that the proposed adaptive NN compensator enables the conventional control
system to have precise control performance

2. 21.     R. Safaric, M. Debevc, R.M. Parkin, S. Uran, "Telerobotics experiments via Internet," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 424-431, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Many enterprises experience difficulty in training people to work with expensive equipment, which is needed for carrying out profitable work tasks (e.g., production line robots). Similar problems are found when work is of a complex and safety-critical nature (e.g., nuclear environments, explosive placement, surgery). This paper describes a method of education and training involving offline usage of virtual environments for task planning. When tasks are developed to the satisfaction of the trainee, they are exported to remote physical hardware, via the Internet, for real-world execution. Development of the system and the training experiments is discussed, along with some of the issues raised for telerobotics and solutions to the problem of detecting collisions in the virtual world. The approach has been shown to be viable and increases the education and training possibilities for key workers while maintaining a low cost of ownership. The downtime of mission-critical equipment is minimized while the gaining of valuable experience is maximized
 

Signal Processing



2.22.     Sinn Kim, Jong-Hwan Kim, "Adaptive fuzzy-network-based C-measure map-matching algorithm for car navigation system," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 432-441, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Most car navigation systems estimate the car position from dead reckoning and the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, because of the unknown GPS noise, the estimated position has an undesirable error. To solve this problem, a map-matching method is introduced, which uses a digital road map to correct the position error. In this paper, a novel adaptive-fuzzy-network-based C-measure algorithm is proposed, which can find the exact road on which a car moves. The C-measure algorithm is easy to calculate, and calculation time does not increase exponentially with the increase of junctions. For the experiments, a car navigation system is implemented with a small number of sensors. The real road experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed algorithm and the developed car navigation system

2. 23.     A. Scottedward Hodel, C.E. Hall, "Variable-structure PID control to prevent integrator windup," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 442-451, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, the authors propose a new variable-structure (switching) method for the prevention of proportional-integral-derivative controller integrator windup in both continuous and discrete-time implementations. The method is easily implemented and tuned by practicing engineers. This new method is compared with several existing methods for the prevention of integrator windup
 

Factory Automation



2.24.     Kit-Sang Tang, Kim-Fung Man, S. Kwong, "Wireless communication network design in IC factory," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 452-459, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A wireless local area network (WLAN) is designed for an IC factory in Hong Kong using the hierarchical genetic algorithm (HGA). The HGA is capable of handling multiobjective functions and discrete constraints. Because of this uniqueness, together with the adoption of a Pareto ranking scheme, a solution can be reached even when skewed multiobjective functions and constraints confinements are being imposed. It has been found from this study that a precise number of base stations can be identified for the WLAN network, while it can satisfy a number of objectives and constraints. This added feature provides a further design tradeoff between cost and performance at no extra effort

2. 25.     Kwang-Hyun Cho, Jong-Tae Lim, "Multiagent supervisory control for antifault propagation in serial production systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 460-466, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a multiagent supervisory control methodology is proposed for antifault propagation in serial production systems by incorporating the idea of multiagent control within the fault-tolerant supervisory control scheme. Especially, the concept of antifault propagation between cascaded processes is established and the synthesis of agent supervisors is investigated based on this concept. A case study of a polypropylene polymerization process in the petrochemical industry is provided to illustrate the proposed control policy


Emerging Technologies

2. 26.     Sung Hoe Kim, Chongkug Park, F. Harashima, "A self-organized fuzzy controller for wheeled mobile robot using an evolutionary algorithm," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 467-474, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : Designing the controller of a wheeled mobile robot is not as easy as might be supposed, on account of nonholonomic constraints. To overcome such difficulties and gain more accurate position and velocity control, a self-organized fuzzy controller is proposed. To find solutions of optimal fuzzy input and output membership functions and to determine a rule base, an evolutionary process is proposed. The procedure that derives this solution is composed of three steps, each step having its own unique evolutionary process. The elements of an output term set are increased first, and then the rule base is varied according to increase of the elements. The varied fuzzy system competes with a system that has no element increase. If the varied fuzzy system loses in competition, then the system naturally disappears. On the other hand, if the varied system survives, the fitness with each increased element of the output term set and rule base is tested and unnecessary parts are removed. After having finished regulation of output term set and rule base, searching for input membership functions is processed with constraints to reduce the unsuitability of the system. The searching constraints do not produce a 0 membership value for any input. After completing the search for the input membership function, fine tuning of output membership functions is processed
Letters to the Editor

2. 27.     A. Okuno, L. Gamage, M. Nakaoka, "Performance evaluations of high-frequency inverter-linked DC/DC converter with noncontact pickup coil," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 475-477, Apr. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : This letter presents performance evaluations of an inductive coupling power transferring system using a current-source high-frequency transformer resonant inverter which is designed for an electric conveyance. The performance is evaluated on the basis of circuit analysis and feasible experiments. This power conversion system can implement an innovative noncontact power transfer from the viewpoints of less maintenance, controllability, safety, and clean performance

 

Volume 48,  Number 3, Jun. 2001           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page


Power Electronics

3. 1.     A. Raciti, G. Belverde, A. Galluzzo, G. Greco, M. Melito, S. Musumeci, "Control of the switching transients of IGBT series strings by high-performance drive units," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 482-490, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In the field of power electronics, the use of series-connected insulated gate devices, such as insulated gate bipolar transistors or power MOSFETs, is interesting in order to obtain fast and efficient power switches in medium-range power converters. In this kind of application, the control of the voltage sharing across the series strings of devices is an important aspect to be considered. The proposed technique allows obtaining safe commutations of the switches by simple and effective control circuits acting on the gate side of the power devices. In particular, the gate drive units are arranged in order to ensure good performance during the switching transients, while preventing overvoltage peaks on the devices. Both the design criteria and analysis of the control circuit are developed. Several experimental tests are reported in order to demonstrate the validity and correctness of the proposed approach

3. 2.     Woo-Cheol Lee, Taeck-Kie Lee, Dong-Seok Hyun, "Comparison of single-sensor current control in the DC link for three-phase voltage-source PWM converters," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 491-505, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a technique for reconstructing converter line currents using the information from a single current sensor in the DC link of a converter and comparative evaluation of the performance of single sensor control techniques in the DC link for voltage-source pulsewidth modulation (V-S PWM) converters. When 3φ input currents cannot be reconstructed, three methods to acquire the DC-link current are compared. Two of them are methods of modifying the switching state (I, II), and another is a method of using the predictive state observer. Also, compensation of sampling delay, and a simultaneous sample value of input currents in the center of a switching period are included. Suitable criteria for the comparison are identified, and the differences in the performance of these methods are investigated through experimental results for a typical V-S PWM converter rated at 10 kVA

3. 3.     S.J. Chiang, C.Y. Yen, K.T. Chang, "A multimodule parallelable series-connected PWM voltage regulator ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 506-516, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents the analysis and design of a single-phase voltage regulator (VR) and its multinodule parallel control. The VR employs the pulsewidth modulation three-arm rectifier-inverter topology. The inverter side adjusts the load voltage with the series regulating structure aiming to minimize converter capacity and attain higher efficiency. The rectifier side regenerates the load power and executes the active power filter function to achieve unity power factor. Based on such high-performance VR, a resistive droop method combined with the P-V droop and Q-δ shift scheme is then proposed to control the current sharing such that multiple VRs can be paralleled directly without any control interconnection. The proposed parallel control technique possesses the features of fast response, precise voltage regulation, equal fundamental and harmonic current sharing, tolerance for parameter mismatch, and so on. Two prototype 1 KVA VRs are implemented, and the effectiveness is demonstrated by some simulation and experimental results

3. 4.     C.B. Jacobina, M.B.deR. Correa, T.M. Oliveiro, A.M.N. Lima, E.R.C. da Silva, "Current control of unbalanced electrical systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 517-525, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The vector modeling approach is employed to describe the behavior of unbalanced three-phase (three-wire), unbalanced two-phase and single-phase systems. In the case of single-phase systems, a fictitious circuit is introduced in order to create the vector model. Continuous-time and discrete-time current controllers based on the vector approach are presented. The current control scheme is based on two controllers, one for the positive sequence and another for the negative sequence. The controllers are implemented in the synchronous reference frame and in the stationary reference frame. In the stationary reference frame, the use of the same integral gains for both controllers simplifies the equations of the control law especially for single-phase systems. Simulation and experimental results obtained with a pulsewidth modulation voltage-source inverter supplying unbalanced systems are presented

3. 5.     D. Graovac, V. Katic, "Online control of current-source-type active rectifier using transfer function approach," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 526-535, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Current-source topology AC/DC converters (buck converters) operated using pulsewidth modulation have significant drawbacks in lack of line current control and AC-side filter damping. Also, an AC-side filter is usually overrated in order to keep harmonic distortion under imposed limits. Discontinuous current at converter line inputs disables the use of current control techniques known from control of voltage-source converters. In order to overcome these problems, an online control method for the buck converter is presented in this paper. This method is based on the AC filter transfer function approach. Such an approach enables a novel solution for line-side filter optimization in the case of hysteresis line current control. This method leads to a filter with minimal apparent power (cost) and the fast and accurate converter's control response. Furthermore, a line current estimation method was developed. It uses only one current sensor at the converter DC side in order to estimate power supply currents. Suggested methods were numerically and experimentally verified

3. 6.     Jung-Won Kim, Jung-Sik Yon, B.H. Cho, "Modeling, control, and design of input-series-output-parallel-connected converter for high-speed-train power system," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 536-544, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a charge control with an input voltage feedforward is proposed for an input-series-output-parallel-connected converter configuration for the high-speed-train power system application. This control scheme accomplishes the output current sharing. For the output-parallel-connected modules as well as the input voltage sharing for the input-series-connected modules for all operating conditions including the transients. It also offers the robustness for the input voltage sharing control according to the component value mismatches among the modules. This configuration enables the usage of a MOSFET for a high-voltage system allowing a higher switching frequency for a lighter system weight and smaller size. The performance of the proposed scheme is verified through the experimental results

3. 7.     J.-W. Kang, S.-K. Sul, "Analysis and prediction of inverter switching frequency in direct torque control of induction machine based on hysteresis bands and machine parameters," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 545-553, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, the influences of the hysteresis bands on the direct torque control (DTC) of an induction motor are analytically investigated, and the switching frequency of the inverter is predicted based on the analysis. The flux and torque hysteresis bands are the only gains to be adjusted in DTC, and the inverter switching frequency and the current waveform are greatly influenced by them. Therefore, the magnitude of the hysteresis band should be determined based on reasonable guidelines which can avoid excessive inverter switching frequency and current harmonics in the whole operating region. This paper predicts the inverter switching frequency according to torque and flux hysteresis bands based on induction machine parameters and control sampling period, and investigates the effect of hysteresis bands to line current harmonics. The simulated and experimental results prove the usefulness and feasibility of the proposed method

3. 8.     Han-Woong Park, Sung-Jun Park, Jin-Gil Park, Cheul-U Kim, "A novel high-performance voltage regulator for single-phase AC sources," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 554-562, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Regulation of load voltage in single-phase applications is becoming an important issue for critical loads. This paper presents a novel high-performance single-phase voltage regulator which has a common arm between the rectifier and inverter, and adopts an appropriate switching strategy. The proposed voltage regulator employs six switches and can be implemented by only one three-phase inverter module. The proposed voltage regulator has the capability of delivering sinusoidal input current with unity power factor, good output voltage regulation, and bidirectional power flow. For these purposes, a fully digital controller is designed and implemented using a TMS320F240 digital signal processor. In addition, a novel low-cost AC capacitor is also presented. This type of capacitor requires two DC capacitors and two diodes, enabling low-cost and compact manufacturing. Consequently, the complete voltage regulator system, which is mainly suitable for an uninterruptible power supply as well as reactive or nonlinear loads, can be constructed compactly and inexpensively. Experimental results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed voltage regulator system

3. 9.     D. Biel, E. Fossas, F. Guinjoan, E. Alarcon, A. Poveda, "Application of sliding-mode control to the design of a buck-based sinusoidal generator," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 563-571, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper is devoted to the design of a sliding-mode control scheme for a buck-based inverter, with programmable amplitude, frequency, and DC offset, with no external sinusoidal reference required. A general procedure for obtaining an autonomous (time independent) switching surface from a time-dependent one is presented. For this surface, the system exhibits a zeroth-order dynamics in sliding motion. On the other hand, from the sliding-domain analysis, a set of design restrictions is established in terms of the inverter output filter Bode diagram and the output signal parameters (amplitude, frequency and DC offset), facilitating the subsequent design procedure. The control scheme is robust with respect to both power-stage parameter variations and external disturbances and can be implemented by means of conventional electronic circuitry. Simulations and experimental results for both reactive and nonlinear loads are presented

3. 10.     Jun-Young Lee, Myung-Joong Youn, "A single-stage power-factor-correction converter with simple link voltage suppressing circuit (LVSC)," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 572-584, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A single-stage power-factor-correction AC/DC converter with a simple link voltage suppressing circuit (LVSC) for the universal line application is proposed. A portion of the energy charged in a boost inductor is directly transferred to a load via LVSC without passing the link capacitor. Using simple circuitry, a low link voltage can be realized without input current deadbands at line zero crossings. The proposed converter is analyzed and design guidelines for the proper operation of a converter are given. A universal input (90-265-Vrms ) prototype converter with 5-V 12-A output is implemented to verify performance. The experimental results show that the maximum link voltage stress and efficiency are about 447 V and 81%, respectively. The power factor is above 0.96 under the universal line condition when the load is higher than 30%

3. 11.     Guan-Chyun Hsieh, Liang-Rui Chen, Kuo-Shun Huang, "Fuzzy-controlled Li-ion battery charge system with active state-of-charge controller," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 585-593, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A fuzzy-controlled active state-of-charge controller (FC-ASCC) for improving the charging behavior of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is proposed. The proposed FC-ASCC is designed to replace the general constant-voltage charging mode by two kinds of modes: sense and charge. A fuzzy-controlled algorithm is built with the predicted charger performance to program the charging trajectory faster and to keep the charge operation in a proposed safe-charge area (SCA). A modeling work is conducted for analyzing and describing the Li-ion battery in charging process. A three-dimensional Y-mesh diagram for describing the charging trajectories of the proposed FC charger is simulated. A prototype of a Li-ion battery charger with FC-ASCC is simulated and realized to assess the predicted charging performance. Experiment shows that the charging speed of the proposed FC charger compared with the general one increases about 23% and the charger can safely work in the SCA

3. 12.     Yeong-Chau Kuo, Tsorng-Juu Liang, Jiann-Fuh Chen, "Novel maximum-power-point-tracking controller for photovoltaic energy conversion system," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 594-601, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A novel maximum-power-point-tracking (MPPT) controller for a photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion system is presented. Using the slope of power versus voltage of a PV array, the proposed MPPT controller allows the conversion system to track the maximum power point very rapidly. As opposed to conventional two-stage designs, a single-stage configuration is implemented, resulting in size and weight reduction and increased efficiency. The proposed system acts as a solar generator on sunny days, in addition to working as an active power line conditioner on rainy days. Finally, computer simulations and experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed technique
 

Drive Control



3.13.     Sung-Don Wee, Myoung-Ho Shin, Dong-Seok Hyun, "Stator-flux-oriented control of induction motor considering iron loss," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 602-608, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Research to consider the influences of iron loss has been made in the vector control of an induction motor. However, little work has been done in the area of a stator-flux-oriented control system of an induction motor. This paper investigates the effects of iron loss in the direct stator-flux-oriented control system of an induction motor, and proposes a control algorithm considering iron loss. The iron loss is modeled by equivalent iron loss resistance in parallel to the magnetizing inductance. Torque control capability is much improved and the speed estimation error for a speed-sensorless drive is reduced by the proposed control algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results

3. 14.     Seong-Hwan Kim, Tae-Sik Park, Ji-Yoon Yoo, Gwi-Tae Park, "Speed-sensorless vector control of an induction motor using neural network speed estimation," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 609-614, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a novel speed estimation method of an induction motor using neural networks (NNs) is presented. The NN speed estimator is trained online by using the error backpropagation algorithm, and the training starts simultaneously with the induction motor working. The estimated speed is then fed back in the speed control loop, and the speed-sensorless vector drive is realized. The proposed NN speed estimator has shown good performance in the transient and steady states, and also at either variable-speed operation or load variation. The validity and the usefulness of the proposed algorithm are thoroughly verified with experiments on fully digitalized 2.2 kW induction motor drive systems

3. 15.     Kuo-Kai Shyu, Chiu-Keng Lai, J.Y. Hung, "Totally invariant state feedback controller for position control of synchronous reluctance motor," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 615-624, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A new totally invariant state feedback controller is designed by combining the classical state feedback controller and the variable-structure control (VSC). The combination of these two different control methods has the advantages of both their merits: (1) the easy design of the state feedback and (2) the strong robustness of the VSC. In other words, the system performance can be simply designed for the nominal system by using the classical state feedback, which includes such well-known techniques as the pole placement or the linear quadratic method. Then, VSC is used to ensure the control effect. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the totally invariant state feedback controller, it is applied to the position control of a synchronous reluctance motor. Simulation results are first given. In addition, a prototype hardware system is built and experimentally evaluated

3. 16.     R. Cardenas, R. Pena, G. Asher, J. Clare, "Control strategies for enhanced power smoothing in wind energy systems using a flywheel driven by a vector-controlled induction machine ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 625-635, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper presents a novel control strategy for power smoothing in wind energy applications, especially those feeding a stand-alone load. The system is based on a vector-controlled induction machine driving a flywheel and addresses the problem of regulating the DC-link system voltage against both input power surges/sags from a wind turbine or sudden changes in load demand. The control is based on a feedforward compensation scheme augmented by a nonlinear controller. Two feedforward compensation schemes are discussed and the limitations and performance of each scheme are analyzed. Experimental results are presented which verify the excellent performance of the feedforward compensation technique

3. 17.     H. Fujimoto, Y. Hori, A. Kawamura, "Perfect tracking control based on multirate feedforward control with generalized sampling periods," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 636-644, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a novel perfect tracking control method based on multirate feedforward control is proposed. The advantages of the proposed method are that: (1) the proposed multirate feedforward controller eliminates the notorious unstable zero problem in designing the discrete-time inverse system; (2) the states of the plant match the desired trajectories at every sampling point of reference input; and (3) the proposed controller is completely independent of the feedback characteristics. Thus, highly robust performance is assured by the robust feedback controller. Moreover, by generalizing the relationship between the sampling period of plant output and the control period of plant input, the proposed method can be applied to various systems with hardware restrictions of these periods, which leads to higher performance. Next, it is shown that the structure of the proposed perfect tracking controller is very simple and clear. Illustrative examples of position control using a DC servomotor are presented, and simulations and experiments demonstrate the advantages of this approach

3. 18.     A. Balestrino, A. Landi, M. Ould-Zmirli, L. Sani, "Automatic nonlinear auto-tuning method for Hammerstein modeling of electrical drives," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 645-655, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Accurate modeling of electrical drives for online testing is a relevant problem, because of their nonlinear behavior. Efficient modeling for simulation, performance evaluation, and testing must consider accurate as well as simple models. This paper proposes the application of auto-tune methods to identify equivalent Hammerstein models, where the nonlinear process is approximated by a static nonlinear element followed by a linear dynamic second or third-order model. The effectiveness of the presented procedure is first verified by simulation results, showing that Hammerstein models overcome the limitations inherent to small-signal linearizations. A standard implementation of such technique considers a relay adjustment for attempts in a heuristic way. In this paper, two innovations are proposed: the relay adjustment is automatically shifted and the method is applied for complex electric drives. Experimental results are shown in the case of a drive constituted by a DC/AC inverter supplying a single-phase induction motor and of a step-down chopper

3. 19.     Teck-Seng Low, Shixin Chen, Xianke Gao, "Robust torque optimization for BLDC spindle motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 656-663, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A robust design for torque optimization of brushless DC spindle motors applied in a hard disk drive, using the Taguchi method, is described and illustrated in this paper. The optimal design process takes into consideration noises that arise in the manufacturing process, such as manufacturing tolerances for the stator tooth shape and variation of the rotor magnet magnetization distribution due to the magnetization fixture and process. The objective of the optimal design using the combined Taguchi's design of experiment (DOE) and finite-element analysis (FEA) approach is to ensure that the spindle motor torque performance is insensitive to the noise, with moderate computational effort. The optimization is realized by a simulation and analysis tool that integrates Taguchi's DOE with the FEA. In this paper, the design optimization process is described and the results are presented

3. 20.     I. Agirman, A.M. Stankovic, G. Tadmor, H. Lev-Ari, "Adaptive torque-ripple minimization in switched reluctance motors ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 664-672, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper addresses torque-ripple reduction in current-fed switched reluctance motors (SRMs). Ripple-free torque production in SRMs requires an accurate model that is often too complex for practical implementation. The algorithm proposed here combines the use of a simplified model with adaptation. Explicitly, it includes dynamic estimation of low harmonics of the combined unknown load torque and the ripple in the produced torque (due to model simplification), and adds appropriate terms to the commanded current to cancel these harmonics. Several simulations are presented first, suggesting that our method is effective for constant-speed reference commands, even when a very simple model is used in control design. Experimental results are included next to demonstrate that the algorithm performs well in reducing the torque ripple. Finally, limitations of the adaptive algorithm are explored and quantified

3. 21.     R.C. Kavanagh, "Probabilistic learning technique for improved accuracy of sinusoidal encoders," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 673-681, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : Sinusoidal-encoder-based digital tachometers are often limited by nonidealities in both encoder construction and interface electronics. A probabilistically based compensation technique is presented which dispenses with the need for specialized calibration equipment. A code-density array, obtained during a learning phase, is utilized to yield a compensation function which approximates to the average relationship over the mechanical cycle between the calculated electrical angle (as determined by an arctangent-based algorithm) and the actual angle. An extended version of this probabilistically compensated sinusoidal encoder technique is used to compensate for variations in the encoder characteristics as it rotates through a mechanical cycle. An analysis of the learning-time requirements of the system is presented. Practical results, utilizing performance measures common in the testing of analog-to-digital converters, confirm the utility of the method. An example of the benefits which accrue from the inclusion of the enhanced sensor in closed-loop systems is also provided
 

Robotics and Vision



3.22.     S. Grgic, M. Grgic, B. Zovko-Cihlar, "Performance analysis of image compression using wavelets," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 682-695, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The aim of this paper is to examine a set of wavelet functions (wavelets) for implementation in a still image compression system and to highlight the benefit of this transform relating to today's methods. The paper discusses important features of wavelet transform in compression of still images, including the extent to which the quality of image is degraded by the process of wavelet compression and decompression. Image quality is measured objectively, using peak signal-to-noise ratio or picture quality scale, and subjectively, using perceived image quality. The effects of different wavelet functions, image contents and compression ratios are assessed. A comparison with a discrete-cosine-transform-based compression system is given. Our results provide a good reference for application developers to choose a good wavelet compression system for their application

3. 23.     S. Segvic, S. Ribaric, "Determining the absolute orientation in a corridor using projective geometry and active vision," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 696-710, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The capability of a mobile robot to determine its position in the environment (self-localization) is a prerequisite for achieving autonomous navigation. An approach is proposed for determining the absolute orientation of an autonomous robot in a system of corridors, based on the projective geometry and active computer vision. In the proposed approach, the common direction of longitudinal corridor edges is inferred by detecting the vanishing point of the corresponding straight line segments in the image. It is assumed that the knowledge about the vertical direction in the scene is available, so that the image coordinates of these vanishing points are considerably constrained. However, longitudinal corridor edges are not visible in images acquired for many viewing directions, so that the processing in a localization procedure has to be performed on a sequence of images acquired from the given position, for regularly arranged orientations of the camera. Extensive experimentation was performed on real scenes and the obtained results are provided


Letters to the Editor

3. 24.     M. Rodrigues, P.J. Costa Branco, W. Suemitsu, "Fuzzy logic torque ripple reduction by turn-off angle compensation for switched reluctance motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 711-715, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : A fuzzy-logic-based turn-off angle compensator for torque ripple reduction in a switched reluctance motor is proposed. The turn-off angle, as a complex function of motor speed and current, is automatically changed for a wide motor speed range to reduce torque ripple. Experimental results are presented that show ripple reduction when the turn-off
angle compensator is used
3. 25.     E. Monmasson, A.A. Naassani, J.-P. Louis, "Extension of the DTC concept," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 715-717, Jun. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The authors propose to extend the direct torque control (DTC) concept. This extension concerns voltage-vector generation. Based on this, it is possible to generate any voltage vector by the space-vector modulation method and apply DTC strategy at the same time. Experimental results are carried out to validate the proposed approach

 

Volume 48,  Number 4, Aug. 2001           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page


Special section on Intelligent Systems

4. 1.     M. Watanabe, M. Furukawa, A. Mizoe, T. Watanabe, "GA applications to physical distribution scheduling problem," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 724-730, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A physical distribution system has a number of optimization problems. Most of them belong to a combinatorial problem, to which conventional mathematical programming methods may hardly be applied. This paper reports on two applications of the genetic algorithm (GA) to physical distribution scheduling problems, which arise at real physical distribution centers. The developed GA schedulers took the place of conventional schedulers, which were coded by rule-based technologies. Advantages of the introduction of GA schedulers into the physical distribution system are as follows: (1) the GA becomes a general problem-solver engine. Once we develop this engine, we only have to develop interfaces for the applications; and (2) fitness functions necessary for the GA force the physical distribution schedulers to have approximate performance estimation. This was not taken into consideration when the rule-based scheduler was used. Two applications of the discussed schedulers were implemented with real distribution centers, and they brought much efficiency to their management

4. 2.     Suk Lee, Sang Ho Lee, Kyung Chang Lee, Man Hyung Lee, F. Harashima, "Intelligent performance management of networks for advanced manufacturing systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 731-741, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper focuses on performance management of communication networks serving various manufacturing systems. The performance management aims to improve the network performance in handling various types of messages by online adjustment of protocol parameters such as timers and queue capacities. The principles of fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and neural networks have been combined in formulating the performance management rules and fine-tuning the manager. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, a performance management procedure developed for the IEEE 802.4 protocol standard has been evaluated via discrete-event simulation

4. 3.     V. Varadan, H. Leung, "Reconstruction of polynomial systems from noisy time-series measurements using genetic programming," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 742-748, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The problem of functional reconstruction of a polynomial system from its noisy time-series measurement is addressed in this paper. The reconstruction requires the determination of the embedding dimension and the unknown polynomial structure. The authors propose the use of genetic programming (GP) to find the exact functional form and embedding dimension of an unknown polynomial system from its time-series measurement. Using functional operators of addition, multiplication and time delay, they use GP to reconstruct the exact polynomial system and its embedding dimension. The proposed GP approach uses an improved least-squares (ILS) method to determine the parameters of a polynomial system. The ILS method is based on the orthogonal Euclidean distance to obtain an accurate parameter estimate when the series is corrupted by measurement noise. Simulations show that the proposed ILS-GP method can successfully reconstruct a polynomial system from its noisy time-series measurements

4. 4.     Y. Katada, M. Svinin, K. Ohkura, K. Ueda, "Stable grasp planning by evolutionary programming," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 749-756, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper deals with the problem of synthesis of stable grasp by multifingered hands. First, a mathematical description of the problem is formulated. The grasp to be synthesized should satisfy equilibrium conditions and unilateral frictional constraints. In addition, it should be stable against disturbances applied to the object. Two types of stability conditions, contact stability and Lyapunov stability, are taken into consideration. Contact points, contact forces and joint stiffnesses are considered as the problem variables. The objective function maximizes admissible linear and rotational disturbances applied to the object, Since the dimension and the complexity of the resulting constrained optimization problem is high enough, the evolutionary programming (EP) approach is explored. Two EP techniques, a conventional one and a specially designed robust technique with a genetic drift, are discussed. The feasibility of these techniques is verified for the synthesis of stable grasp by a three-fingered robotic hand

4. 5.     K.S. Tang, Kim Fung Man, Guanrong Chen, S. Kwong, "An optimal fuzzy PID controller," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 757-765, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper introduces an optimal fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The fuzzy PID controller is a discrete-time version of the conventional PID controller, which preserves the same linear structure of the proportional, integral, and derivative parts but has constant coefficient yet self-tuned control gains. Fuzzy logic is employed only for the design; the resulting controller does not need to execute any fuzzy rule base, and is actually a conventional PID controller with analytical formulae. The main improvement is in endowing the classical controller with a certain adaptive control capability. The constant PID control gains are optimized by using the multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA), thereby yielding an optimal fuzzy PID controller. Computer simulations are shown to demonstrate its improvement over the fuzzy PID controller without MOGA optimization

4. 6.     P. Wide, "The electronic head: a virtual quality instrument," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 766-769, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper describes a new approach to virtual instrumentation, qualitative estimation, and decision making of a dynamically changing quality assessment. The authors illustrate this approach in an electronic head concept, in which they combine the amount of information received, and apply feature extraction analysis and a fuzzy clustering technique to assess the quality as acquired from a human expert. By combining data from different artificial sensor systems into a single set of meaningful features, they obtain information that is of greater human benefit than the aggregate of its contributing sensors. The combination of sensor data by fuzzy rules has the aim of performing human-like inferences that may be impossible by the single artificial sensors. The entire sensor system acts as a virtual instrument for dynamic industrial process monitoring. This virtual instrument allows easy sensor observation and learning interaction with a human operator
 

Power Electronics



4.7.     Chang-Shiarn Lin, Chern-Lin Chen, "A novel single-stage push-pull electronic ballast with high input power factor," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 770-776, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A novel single-stage push-pull electronic ballast with high input power factor is presented in this paper. The proposed electronic ballast combines the front-end power-factor corrector and push-pull converter into a single-stage power converter. Compared to the single-stage class-D electronic ballast, the proposed circuit does not require an isolated driver. The control of the circuit is easier and the cost less. The circuit of the ballast is analyzed and the design guidelines are listed. The experimental results verify the theoretical derivation

4. 8.     Xinbo Ruan, Yangguang Yan, "A novel zero-voltage and zero-current-switching PWM full-bridge converter using two diodes in series with the lagging leg," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 777-785, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This paper proposes a novel phase-shifted zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS) pulsewidth modulation full-bridge converter, which realizes ZVS for the leading leg and ZCS for the lagging leg. A blocking capacitor is added in series with the primary winding of the transformer to make the primary current decay to zero during zero state to ensure ZCS for the lagging leg. In order to prevent the primary current from reversing during zero state, two diodes in series with the lagging leg are added. The principle of operation, steady-state analysis, and design procedures are presented. The experimental results are also included to verify the theoretical analysis

4. 9.     R. Datta, V.T. Ranganathan, "A simple position-sensorless algorithm for rotor-side field-oriented control of wound-rotor induction machine," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 786-793, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A simple position-sensorless method for the rotor-side field-oriented control of a wound-rotor induction machine is described in this paper. The algorithm is based on axis transformations. Compared to the previously proposed methods, it is more direct and the dependence on machine parameters is also largely reduced. The algorithm can be started on the fly without the knowledge of the initial rotor position. Operation at synchronous speed, corresponding to zero rotor frequency, is stable, thus making it suitable for variable speed constant frequency operations. Simulation and experimental results show excellent performance of the scheme

4. 10.     Namho Hur, Jinhwan Jung, Kwanghee Nam, "A fast dynamic DC-link power-balancing scheme for a PWM converter-inverter system," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 794-803, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The authors propose a new power converter control scheme for a converter-inverter system. The strategy is to fully utilize the inverter dynamics in controlling the converter dynamics. The authors obtain the power dynamics for both converter and inverter systems, and control the converter power so that it matches the required inverter power exactly. Then, in the ideal case, no power flows through the DC-link capacitors and, thus, the DC-link voltage does not fluctuate even though a very small amount of the DC-link capacitance is used. In forcing the converter power to match the inverter power, the authors utilize the master-slave control concept. They control the DC-link voltage level indirectly through the stored capacitor energy in order to exploit the advantage of the linear dynamic behavior of the capacitor energy. This helps them to circumvent a complex control method in regulating the DC-link voltage. Through simulation and experimental results, the superiority of the proposed converter control scheme is demonstrated

4. 11.     Bong-Hwan Kwon, Jin-Ha Choi, Tae-Won Kim, "Improved single-phase line-interactive UPS," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 804-811, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : An improved single-phase line-interactive uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is proposed for low-power applications with low cost. The proposed UPS is comprised of two push-pull converters based on a low-voltage battery for reduced cost: one in series with the input and the other in parallel with the load. In the presence of input power, the UPS acts as an output voltage regulator and at the same time as an active filter while charging the battery. In case of loss of input power, the UPS supplies a regulated sinusoidal voltage to the load, drawing power from the battery. The series converter compensates only a small percentage of the input voltage carrying the input current and, therefore, a reduced rating is made. The parallel converter always supplies a nominal voltage and makes a seamless transition to backup mode. In the voltage determination of the parallel converter, the nominal voltage is derived using the feedback linearization concept and then a perturbed voltage is determined for the reactive power control or output voltage regulation. Experimental results obtained from a 1-kVA prototype are discussed

4. 12.     S.A. Gonzalez, M.I. Valla, C.H. Muravchik, "Analysis and design of clamped-mode resonant converters with variable load," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 812-819, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, a design procedure for clamped-mode resonant converters working with variable load is proposed and analyzed. The operation of these converters with general parallel or series loads is reviewed first. The operation of the transistors as zero-voltage switches is identified and characterized as mode A. Mode A is preferred to simplify the implementation of the power switches and to increment the converter efficiency. As a case study, the design of an RF power amplifier is presented. The amplifier is connected to a variable load with reactive characteristics, through a low-pass filter of three elements. The validity of the proposed design approach is verified with an experimental setup


Drive Control

4. 13.     Keliang Zhou, Danwei Wang, "Digital repetitive learning controller for three-phase CVCF PWM inverter," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 820-830, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link

Abstract : In this paper, a plug-in digital repetitive leaning control scheme is proposed for three-phase constant-voltage constant-frequency (CVCF) pulsewidth modulation inverters to achieve high-quality sinusoidal output voltages. In the proposed control scheme, the repetitive controller (RC) is plugged into the stable one-sampling-ahead-preview-controlled three-phase CVCF inverter system using only two voltage sensors. The RC is designed to eliminate periodic disturbance and/or track periodic reference signal with zero tracking error, The design theory of plug-in repetitive learning controller is described systematically and the stability analysis or overall system is discussed. The merits of the controlled systems include features of minimized total harmonic distortion, robustness to parameter uncertainties, fast response, and fewer sensors. Simulation and experimental results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme



4. 14.     A. El Hajjaji, M. Ouladsine, "Modeling and nonlinear control of magnetic levitation systems," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 831-838, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, the authors propose a nonlinear model for magnetic levitation systems which is validated with experimental measurements. Using this model, a nonlinear control law based on differential geometry is firstly synthesized. Then, its real-time implementation is developed. In order to highlight the performance of the proposed control law, experimental results are given

4. 15.     R. Monajemy, R. Krishnan, "Control and dynamics of constant-power-loss-based operation of permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive system," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 839-844, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : The operational envelope of electrical machines is limited by the maximum permissible power loss of the machine at any given speed. The control and dynamics of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive operating with a maximum power loss versus speed profile is proposed in this paper. The proposed operational strategy is modeled and analyzed. Its comparison to the conventional strategy of limiting current and power to rated values demonstrates the superiority of the proposed scheme. The implementation of the proposed strategy is developed. It is achieved with an outer power loss feedback control loop. This has the advantage of retrofitting the present PMSM drives with the least amount of software/hardware effort. The PMSM drives in this case then can use the existing controllers to implement any torque control criteria, such as constant torque angle, unity power factor, constant air-gap flux linkages, maximum torque per unit current, or maximum-efficiency operation. Experimental verification of the new operational strategy is provided. The concepts presented in this paper can be applied to all other types of motor drives
 

Emerging Technologies



4.16.     Shiuh-Jer Huang, Kuo-See Huang, "An adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode controller for servomechanism disturbance rejection," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 845-852, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A two-level spring-lumped mass servomechanism system was constructed for disturbance rejection control investigation. This dynamic absorber is similar to a model of the serial-type vehicle suspension system. The lower level is actuated by two DC servo motors, to provide the specified internal and external disturbances to the vibration control system. The upper level has another DC servo motor to control the main body balancing position. In order to tackle the system's nonlinear and time-varying characteristics, an adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode controller is proposed to suppress the main mass position variation due to external disturbance. This intelligent control strategy combines an adaptive rule with fuzzy and sliding-mode control technologies. It has online learning ability for responding to the system's time-varying and nonlinear uncertainty behaviors, and for adjusting the control rules and parameters. Only seven rules are required for this control system, and its control rules can be established and modified continuously by online learning. The experimental results show that this intelligent control approach effectively suppresses the vibration amplitude of the body, with respect to the external disturbance
 


Robotics and Vision



4.17.     Yongoug Chung, Chongkug Park, F. Harashima, "A position control differential drive wheeled mobile robot," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 853-863, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : For more accurate path tracking of a four-wheeled two-degrees-of-freedom mobile robot (WMR), a position control algorithm is proposed with two separated feedback loops, a velocity feedback loop and a position feedback loop. In the most conventional position control system of a WMR, internal error is mainly considered, while external error has, as yet, hardly been treated, although it plays an important role in accurate position control. This external error is caused by unexpected environmental situations. The proposed control algorithm is designed to compensate for both internal error and external error. This algorithm makes it possible to accurately follow the designed trajectory
 

Letter to the Editor



4.18.     N. Massmoudi, D. M'bairi, B. Allard, H. Morel, "On the validity of the standard SPICE model of the diode for simulation in power electronics," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 864-867, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A systematic study of the standard SPICE model of the diode in the case of simulations of power diodes in power electronic applications shows the limits of accuracy with respect to experiments. Therefore, the interest in such a model in power electronic applications is comparable to the high-low resistance model

4. 19.     D. Telford, M.W. Dunnigan, B.W. Williams, "A novel torque-ripple reduction strategy for direct torque control [of induction motor]," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 867-870, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : This letter presents a simple duty-cycle control scheme for the direct torque control of an induction motor. The scheme reduces torque ripple, controls the average output torque, and reduces the variation in switching frequency. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated through experimental results

4. 20.     L.U. Gokdere, M.A. Simaan, C.W. Brice, "Passivity-based control of saturated induction motors," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 870-872, Aug. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : A passivity-based controller, which takes into account saturation of the magnetic material in the main flux path of the induction motor, is developed to provide close tracking of time-varying speed and flux trajectories in the high magnetic saturation regions. The proposed passivity based controller is experimentally verified. Also, a comparison between the controllers based on the saturated and nonsaturated magnetics is presented to demonstrate the benefit of the controller based on the saturated magnetics

 

Volume 48,  Number 5, Oct. 2001           Access to the journal on IEEE XPLORE     IE Transactions Home Page


Special section on Multimedia Technologies

5. 1.     Ming-Shing Hsieh, Din-Chang Tseng, Yong-Huai Huang, "iding digital watermarks using multiresolution wavelet transform ," Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 875-882, Oct. 2001.  Full Text Link
Abstract : In this paper, an image accreditation technique by embedding digital watermarks in images is proposed. The proposed method for the digital watermarking is based on the wavelet transform. This is unlike most previous work, which used a random number of a sequence of bits as a watermark and where the watermark can only be detected by comparing an experimental threshold value to determine whether a sequence of random signals is the watermark. The proposed approach embeds a watermark with visual recognizable patterns, such as binary, gray, or color image in images by modifying the frequency part of the images. In the proposed approach, an original image is decomposed into wavelet coefficients. Then, multi-energy watermarking scheme based on the qualified significant wavelet tree (QSWT) is used to achieve the robustness of the watermarking. Unlike other watermarking techniques that use a single casting energy, QSWT adopts adaptive casting energy in different resolutions. The performance of the proposed watermarking is robust to a variety of signal distortions, such as JPEG, image cropping, sharpening, median filtering, and incorporating attacks