IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
SPECIAL SECTION ON NEURAL NETWORK APPLICATIONS IN POWER
ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR DRIVERS
1. Bimal K. Bose, "Neural Network Applications in Power Electronics and Motor Drives—An Introduction and Perspective," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 14-33, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly the neural networks, are recently having significant impact on power electronics and motor drives. Neural networks have created a new and advancing frontier in power electronics, which is already a complex and multidisciplinary technology that is going through dynamic evolution in the recent years. This paper gives a comprehensive introduction and perspective of neural network applications in the intelligent control and estimation for power electronics and motor drives area. The principal topologies of neural networks that are currently most relevant for applications in power electronics have been reviewed including the detailed description of their properties. Both feedforward and feedback or recurrent architectures have been covered in the description. The application examples that are discussed in this paper include nonlinear function generation, delayless filtering and waveform processing, feedback signal processing of vector drive, space vector PWM of two-level and multilevel inverters, adaptive flux vector estimation, and some of their combination for vector-controlled ac drive. Additional selected applications in the literature are included in the references. From the current trend of the technology, it appears that neural networks will find widespread applications in power electronics and motor drives in future
2. Hualiang Zhuang, Kay-Soon Low, Wei-Yun Yau, "A Pulsed Neural Network With On-Chip Learning and Its Practical Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 34-42, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes a new model for the pulsed neural network. In this model, the information is coded in terms of firing times of pulses that are generated by the neuron. The pulses transmit through the network and excite the dynamics of the neuron. Their synchronism is utilized to design the architecture of the neural network such that it acts as a radial basis function (RBF) network. A new network-learning algorithm is also developed for this pulsed RBF network. The RBF neurons are generated based on the feature of the training data, and the synaptic delays can be adjusted to distribute these RBF neurons in the training data space. The pulse neural network has been implemented compactly with multiplierless approach for both the forward computation and learning algorithm with a field programmable gate array board. As an application demonstration, it is extended to a nonlinear look-up table and applied to estimate the friction occurs in a precision linear stage
3. Hsiung Cheng Lin, "Intelligent Neural Network-Based Fast Power System Harmonic Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 43-52, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Nowadays, harmonic distortion in power systems is attracting significant attention. Traditional technical tools for harmonic distortion analysis using either fast Fourier transform or discrete Fourier transform are, however, susceptible to the presence of noise in the distorted signals. Harmonic detection by using Fourier transformation also requires input data for more than one cycle of the current waveform and requires time for the analysis in the next coming cycle. In this paper, an alternative method using neural network algorithm has achieved satisfactory results for fast and precise harmonic detection in noisy environments by providing only 1/2 cycle sampled values of distorted waveforms to neural network. Sensitivity considerations are conducted to determine the key factors affecting the performance efficiency of the proposed model to reach the lowest errors of testing patterns
4. Bhim Singh, Vishal Verma, Jitendra Solanki, "Neural Network-Based Selective Compensation of Current Quality Problems in Distribution System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 53-60, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Active power filters (APFs) have been used to compensate harmonics, reactive current, and negative sequence fundamental frequency current drawn by nonlinear loads. The control of APF is the core issue for their proper operation. The flexibility of selective compensation embedded in the control scheme makes APF versatile for compensation of reactive power, harmonic currents, and unbalance in source currents and their combinations, depending upon the limited rating of voltage source inverter employed as APF. The proposed scheme utilizes neural network-based decomposition of the load current into positive and negative sequence fundamental frequency component, reactive component and harmonic components. The adaline-based current decomposer estimates the reference currents through tracking of unit vectors together with tuning of the weights. The implementation of the control scheme facilitates selective compensation which respects the limited rating of the APF. The simulated results using developed MATLAB model are presented and are validated by experimental results to depict the effectiveness of the proposed control method of APF
5. Djaffar Ould Abdeslam, Patrice Wira, Jean Merckle, Damien Flieller, Yves-Andr Chapuis, "A Unified Artificial Neural Network Architecture for Active Power Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 61-76, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, an efficient and reliable neural active power filter (APF) to estimate and compensate for harmonic distortions from an AC line is proposed. The proposed filter is completely based on Adaline neural networks which are organized in different independent blocks. We introduce a neural method based on Adalines for the online extraction of the voltage components to recover a balanced and equilibrated voltage system, and three different methods for harmonic filtering. These three methods efficiently separate the fundamental harmonic from the distortion harmonics of the measured currents. According to either the Instantaneous Power Theory or to the Fourier series analysis of the currents, each of these methods are based on a specific decomposition. The original decomposition of the currents or of the powers then allows defining the architecture and the inputs of Adaline neural networks. Different learning schemes are then used to control the inverter to inject elaborated reference currents in the power system. Results obtained by simulation and their real-time validation in experiments are presented to compare the compensation methods. By their learning capabilities, artificial neural networks are able to take into account time-varying parameters, and thus appreciably improve the performance of traditional compensating methods. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated in their application to harmonics compensation in power systems
6. Wei Qiao, Ronald G. Harley, "Indirect Adaptive External Neuro-Control for a Series Capacitive Reactance Compensator Based on a Voltage Source PWM Converter in Damping Power Oscillations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 77-85, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A series capacitive reactance compensator (SCRC), using a voltage source converter to inject a controllable voltage in quadrature with the line current of a power network, is capable of rapidly providing a specified and controllable magnitude of capacitive reactance compensation independent of the line current. Moreover, with a suitably designed external controller, the SCRC can also be used to damp low-frequency power oscillations in a power network. Conventionally, linear control techniques are used to design the SCRC external controller around a specific operating point, where the nonlinear system equations are linearized. However, at other operating points its performance degrades. Nonlinear adaptive neuro-controllers offer an attractive approach to overcome this degradation problem. In this paper, an indirect adaptive external neuro-controller (INDAEC) using two radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) is proposed to improve the damping performance of an SCRC connected to a power network. This nonlinear INDAEC needs no mathematical model of the SCRC or the power network. It provides the SCRC with improved damping performance over a wide range of system operating conditions. This is shown by results on a single machine infinite bus power system, as well as a multimachine power system
7. Salman Mohagheghi, Yamille del Valle, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Ronald G. Harley, "A Proportional-Integrator Type Adaptive Critic Design-Based Neurocontroller for a Static Compensator in a Multimachine Power System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 86-96, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A novel nonlinear optimal controller for a static compensator (STATCOM) connected to a power system, using artificial neural networks, is presented in this paper. The action dependent heuristic dynamic programming, a member of the adaptive critic designs family is used for the design of the STATCOM neurocontroller. This neurocontroller provides optimal control based on reinforcement learning and approximate dynamic programming. Using a proportional-integrator approach, the proposed neurocontroller is capable of dealing with actual rather than deviation signals. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed controller outperforms a conventional PI controller for a STATCOM in a small and large multimachine power system during large-scale faults, as well as small disturbances
8. Sudipta Chakraborty, Manoja D. Weiss, M. Godoy Simoes, "Distributed Intelligent Energy Management System for a Single-Phase High-Frequency AC Microgrid," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 97-109, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a single-phase high-frequency AC (HFAC) microgrid is shown as a novel solution towards integrating renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. Better utilization of the Microgrid is achieved by solving power flow and power quality issues using p-q theory-based active filtering called universal active power line conditioner and unified power quality conditioner, respectively. A distributed intelligent energy management system (DIEMS) is implemented to optimize operating costs. As the optimization greatly depends on the power generation and the power output from renewable sources strongly depends on the weather, the forecast of power generation is required for DIEMS. A Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network is used to predict hourly day-type outputs based on which generation can be forecasted. Depending on the forecast, an optimization scheme is developed utilizing linear programming along with heuristics. The results obtained show the successful implementation of HFAC Microgrid with adequate power flow and power quality control, as well as the optimization of operation cost by the DIEMS with Fuzzy ARTMAP-based day-type forecasting. The improvement in the battery life is also achieved due to optimization of storage charge states using the proposed DIEMS
9. J. F. Martins, P. J. Santos, A. J. Pires, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, R. Vilela Mendes, "Entropy-Based Choice of a Neural Network Drive Model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 110-116, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The design of a neural network requires, among other things, a proper choice of input variables, avoiding over fitting and an unnecessarily complex input vector. This may be achieved by trying to reduce the arbitrariness in the choice of the input layer. This paper discusses the relation between the memory range of a particular controlled dynamical system (induction drive) and the dimension of the neural network input vector. Mathematical techniques of process-reconstruction of the underlying process, using coding and block entropies to characterize the measure and memory range were applied. These modeling techniques provide a precise knowledge of the drive dynamics, a fundamental requirement in modern control approaches
10. Wen Li, Yoichi Hori, "Vibration Suppression Using Single Neuron-Based PI Fuzzy Controller and Fractional-Order Disturbance Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 117-126, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: An approach is proposed for vibration suppression in a two-inertia system using an integration of a fractional-order disturbance observer and a single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller. The former is used to obtain disturbance estimate and generate compensation signal, and the latter is utilized to realize outer loop control. Fractional-order disturbance observer has a wider range to select a suitable tradeoff between robustness and vibration suppression, because introduction of fractional calculus makes universe of relative degree of Q-filter is expanded from integer domain to real-number domain. For the single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller, a single neuron makes up a PI controller and such a controller is embedded in each cell of the fuzzy control table. Thus, the fuzzy control table is changed into a controller matrix and it constructs a nonlinear adaptive controller with parameter self-tuning property. Experimental results illustrate that the integration of fractional-order disturbance observer and single neuron-based PI fuzzy controller can improve the performance of disturbance attenuation and system robustness
11. Maurizio Cirrincione, Marcello Pucci, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Sensorless Control of Induction Machines by a New Neural Algorithm: The <>TLS<> EXIN Neuron," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 127-149, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes two speed observers for high-performance induction machine drives, both adopting an online adaptation law based on a new total least-squares (TLS) technique: the TLS EXIN neuron. The first is a model reference adaptive system (MRAS) observer with a neural adaptive integrator in the reference model and a neural adaptive model trained online by the TLS EXIN neuron. This observer, presented in a previous article of the authors, has been improved here in two aspects: first, the neural adaptive integrator has been modified to make its learning factor vary according to the reference speed of the drive, second, a neural adaptive model based on the modified Euler integration has been proposed to solve the discretization instability problem in field-weakening. The second observer is a new full-order adaptive one based on the state equations of the induction machine, where the speed is estimated by means of a TLS EXIN adaptation technique. Both these observers have been provided with an inverter nonlinearity compensation algorithm and with techniques for the online estimation of the stator resistance of the machine. Moreover, a thorough theoretical stability analysis has been developed for them both, with particular reference to the field-weakening region behavior for the TLS MRAS observer and to the regenerating mode at low speeds for the TLS adaptive observer. Both speed observers have been verified in numerical simulation and experimentally on a test setup, and have also been compared experimentally with the BPN MRAS observer, the classic adaptive observer and with an open-loop estimator. Results show that both proposed observers outperform all other three observers in every working condition, with the TLS adaptive observer resulting in a better performance than the TLS MRAS observer
12. Maurizio Cirrincione, Marcello Pucci, Giansalvo Cirrincione, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Sensorless Control of Induction Motors by Reduced Order Observer With MCA EXIN + Based Adaptive Speed Estimation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 150-166, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless technique for high-performance induction machine drives based on neural networks. It proposes a reduced order speed observer where the speed is estimated with a new generalized least-squares technique based on the minor component analysis (MCA) EXIN + neuron. With this regard, the main original aspects of this work are the development of two original choices of the gain matrix of the observer, one of which guarantees the poles of the observer to be fixed on one point of the negative real semi-axis in spite of rotor speed, and the adoption of a completely new speed estimation law based on the MCA EXIN + neuron. The methodology has been verified experimentally on a rotor flux oriented vector controlled drive and has proven to work at very low operating speed at no-load and rated load (down to 3 rad/s corresponding to 28.6 rpm), to have good estimation accuracy both in speed transient and in steady-state and to work correctly at zero-speed, at no-load, and at medium loads. A comparison with the classic full-order adaptive observer under the same working conditions has proven that the proposed observer exhibits a better performance in terms of lowest working speed and zero-speed operation
13. Baburaj Karanayil, Muhammed Fazlur Rahman, Colin Grantham, "Online Stator and Rotor Resistance Estimation Scheme Using Artificial Neural Networks for Vector Controlled Speed Sensorless Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 167-176, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a new method of online estimation for the stator and rotor resistances of the induction motor for speed sensorless indirect vector controlled drives, using artificial neural networks. The error between the rotor flux linkages based on a neural network model and a voltage model is back propagated to adjust the weights of the neural network model for the rotor resistance estimation. For the stator resistance estimation, the error between the measured stator current and the estimated stator current using neural network is back propagated to adjust the weights of the neural network. The rotor speed is synthesized from the induction motor state equations. The performance of the stator and rotor resistance estimators and torque and flux responses of the drive, together with these estimators, are investigated with the help of simulations for variations in the stator and rotor resistances from their nominal values. Both resistances are estimated experimentally, using the proposed neural network in a vector controlled induction motor drive. Data on tracking performances of these estimators are presented. With this speed sensorless approach, the rotor resistance estimation was made insensitive to the stator resistance variations both in simulation and experiment. The accuracy of the estimated speed achieved experimentally, without the speed sensor clearly demonstrates the reliable and high-performance operation of the drive
14. Rong-Jong Wai, Chia-Chin Chu, "Robust Petri Fuzzy-Neural-Network Control for Linear Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 177-189, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This study focuses on the development of a robust Petri-fuzzy-neural-network (PFNN) control strategy applied to a linear induction motor (LIM) drive for periodic motion. Based on the concept of the nonlinear state feedback theory, a feedback linearization control (FLC) system is first adopted in order to decouple the thrust force and the flux amplitude of the LIM. However, particular system information is required in the FLC system so that the corresponding control performance is influenced seriously by system uncertainties. Hence, to increase the robustness of the LIM drive for high-performance applications, a robust PFNN control system is investigated based on the model-free control design to retain the decoupled control characteristic of the FLC system. The adaptive tuning algorithms for network parameters are derived in the sense of the Lyapunov stability theorem, such that the stability of the control system can be guaranteed under the occurrence of system uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both numerical simulations and experimental results, and the salient merits are indicated in comparison with the FLC system
15. M. Nasir Uddin, M. Azizur Rahman, "High-Speed Control of IPMSM Drives Using Improved Fuzzy Logic Algorithms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 190-199, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents an improved fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for high-performance industrial drive applications. In the proposed control scheme for high-speed operations above the rated speed, the operating limits of IPMSM are expanded by incorporating the maximum torque per ampere operation in constant torque region and the flux-weakening operation in constant power region. The power ratings of the motor and the inverter are considered in developing the control algorithm. A new and simple FLC is utilized as a speed controller. The FLC is developed to have less computational burden, which makes it suitable for real-time implementation, particularly at high-speed operating conditions. The complete drive is implemented in real-time using digital signal processor (DSP) controller board DS 1102 on a laboratory 1-hp IPM motor. The efficiency of the proposed control scheme is evaluated through both experimental and computer simulation results. The proposed controller is found to be robust for high-speed applications
16. Tomasz Pajchrowski, Krzysztof Zawirski, "Application of Artificial Neural Network to Robust Speed Control of Servodrive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 200-207, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of robust speed control of electrical servodrives. A robust speed controller is developed using an artificial neural network (ANN), which creates a nonlinear characteristic of controller. An original method of neural controller synthesis is presented. The synthesis procedure is performed in two stages. The first stage consists in training the ANN and at the second stage controller settings are adjusted. The use of the proposed controller synthesis procedure ensures robust speed control against the variations of moment of inertia and stator magnetic flux. Simulations and laboratory results validate the robustness of the servodrive with permanent magnet synchronous motor
17. Xi-le Wei, Jiang Wang, Zhao-xuan Yang, "Robust Smooth-Trajectory Control of Nonlinear Servo Systems Based on Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 208-217, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The electromagnetic torque introduces ripples into the electromechanical motion system due to nonlinearities, such as uncertain changes of magnet field, load, and friction, which generate speed oscillations and deteriorate the tracking performance of servo system. Furthermore, the minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking are cruces in servo control. In this paper, an available method is proposed to solve them by using neural networks (NNs) and a nonlinear smooth trajectory filter (STF) for the robust smoothing feedforward control of a class of general nonlinear systems. First, the online weight-tuning scheme based on Lyapunov function can guarantee the boundedness of tracking error by good performance of NNs modeling nonlinear functions. Second, a feedforward controller based on the output of nonlinear STF is designed to guarantee minimum time response and smooth trajectory tracking. Finally, as a example, the motion system can be equivalent to the two-order system under the linear closed-loop current control in view of the (d,q) mathematic model for PM synchronous motor, so that this robust smoothing control method using neutral networks can be applied into position servo control. Moreover, the validity and effectiveness of this control method are verified through simulations and experiments
18. Ahmed Rubaai, Marcel J. Castro-Sitiriche, Moses Garuba, III Legand Burge, "Implementation of Artificial Neural Network-Based Tracking Controller for High-Performance Stepper Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 218-227, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Two distinct multilayer perception neural networks (NNs) are implemented via laboratory experiment to simultaneously identify and adaptively control the trajectory tracking of a hybrid step motor assumed to operate in a high-performance drives environment. That is, a neural network identifier (NNI) which captures the nonlinear dynamics of the stepper motor drive system (SMDS) over any arbitrary time interval in its range of operation, and a neural network controller (NNC) to provide the necessary control actions as to achieve trajectory tracking of the rotor speed. The exact form of the control law is unknown, and must be estimated by the NNC. Consequently, the NNC is constructed as a nonlinear unknown function depending on the current state of the drive system supplies by the NNI and the reference trajectory we wish the outputs to follow. The two NNs are online trained using dynamic back-propagation algorithm. The composite structure is used as a speed controller for the SMDS. Performance of the composite controller is evaluated through a laboratory experiment. Experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach, and demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed controller in high-performance drives
19. Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska, Krzysztof Szabat, "Control of the Drive System With Stiff and Elastic Couplings Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 228-240, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In the paper a robust control system with the fuzzy-neural network is proposed. A model reference adaptive control system is applied to the one- and two-mass systems. Different aspects of application of the examined control structure are discussed. The influence of the number of neuro-fuzzy controller (NFC) rules to the drive system performance is shown. The impact of the electromagnetic torque limit to the adaptive structure stability is discussed. Further, the comparison of the dynamical characteristics of the different NFC structures is done. The control structure with constant and changeable parameters of the adaptive rule is also examined. The torsional vibration suppression in the two-mass system is obtained in the developed adaptive structure with only one basic feedback from the motor speed
20. Hua Su, Kil To Chong, "Induction Machine Condition Monitoring Using Neural Network Modeling," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 241-249, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Condition monitoring is desirable for increasing machinery availability, reducing consequential damage, and improving operational efficiency. Model-based methods are efficient monitoring systems for providing warning and predicting certain faults at early stages. However, the conventional methods must work with explicit motor models, and cannot be applied effectively for vibration signal diagnosis due to their nonadaptation and the random nature of vibration signal. In this paper, an analytical redundancy method using neural network modeling of the induction motor in vibration spectra is proposed for machine fault detection and diagnosis. The short-time Fourier transform is used to process the quasi-steady vibration signals to continuous spectra for the neural network model training. The faults are detected from changes in the expectation of vibration spectra modeling error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experimental results, and it is shown that a robust and automatic induction machine condition monitoring system has been produced
21. Makarand S. Ballal, Zafar J. Khan, Hiralal M. Suryawanshi, Ram L. Sonolikar, "Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System for the Detection of Inter-Turn Insulation and Bearing Wear Faults in Induction Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 250-258, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The positive features of neural networks and fuzzy logic are combined together for the detection of stator inter-turn insulation and bearing wear faults in single-phase induction motor. The adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) are developed for the detection of these two faults. These faults are created experimentally on a single-phase induction motor in the laboratory. The experimental data is generated for the five measurable parameters, viz, motor intakes current, speed, winding temperature, bearing temperature, and the noise of the machine. Earlier, the ANFIS fault detectors are trained for the two input parameters, i.e., speed and current, and the performance is tested. Later, the three remaining parameters are added and the five input ANFIS fault detector is trained and tested. It observed from the simulation results that the five input parameter system predicts more accurate results
22. J. F. Martins, V. Ferno Pires, A. J. Pires, "Unsupervised Neural-Network-Based Algorithm for an On-Line Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor Stator Fault," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 259-264, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, an automatic algorithm based an unsupervised neural network for an on-line diagnostics of three-phase induction motor stator fault is presented. This algorithm uses the alfa-beta stator currents as input variables. Then, a fully automatic unsupervised method is applied in which a Hebbian-based unsupervised neural network is used to extract the principal components of the stator current data. These main directions are used to decide where the fault occurs and a relationship between the current components is calculated to verify the severity of the fault. One of the characteristics of this method, given its unsupervised nature, is that it does not need a prior identification of the system. The proposed methodology has been experimentally tested on a 1kW induction motor. The obtained experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method
23. Seul Jung, Sung su Kim, "Hardware Implementation of a Real-Time Neural Network Controller With a DSP and an FPGA for Nonlinear Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 265-271, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, we implement the intelligent neural network controller hardware with a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based general purpose chip and a digital signal processing (DSP) board to solve nonlinear system control problems. The designed intelligent control hardware can perform real-time control of the backpropagation learning algorithm of a neural network. The basic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithms are implemented in an FPGA chip and a neural network controller is implemented in a DSP board. By using a high capacity of an FPGA chip, the additional hardware such as an encoder counter and a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) generator is implemented in a single FPGA chip. As a result, the controller becomes cost effective. It was tested for controlling nonlinear systems such as a robot finger and an inverted pendulum on a moving cart to show performance of the controller
24. Murat Barut, Seta Bogosyan, Metin Gokasan, "Speed-Sensorless Estimation for Induction Motors Using Extended Kalman Filters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 272-280, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, extended-Kalman-filter-based estimation algorithms that could be used in combination with the speed-sensorless field-oriented control and direct-torque control of induction motors (IMs) are developed and implemented experimentally. The algorithms are designed aiming minimum estimation error in both transient and steady state over a wide velocity range, including very low and persistent zero-speed operation. A major challenge at very low and zero speed is the lost coupling effect from the rotor to the stator, which makes the information on rotor variables unobservable on the stator side. As a solution to this problem, in this paper, the load torque and the rotor angular velocity are simultaneously estimated, with the velocity taken into consideration via the equation of motion and not as a constant parameter, which is commonly the case in most past studies. The estimation of load torque, on the other hand, is performed as a constant parameter to account for Coulomb and viscous friction at steady state to improve the estimation performance at very low and zero speed. The estimation algorithms developed based on the rotor and stator fluxes are experimentally tested under challenging variations and reversals of the velocity and load torque (step-type and varying linearly with velocity) over a wide velocity range and at zero speed. In all the scenarios, the current estimation error has remained within a very narrow error band, also yielding acceptable velocity estimation errors, which motivate the use of the developed estimation method in sensorless control of IMs over a wide velocity range and persistent zero-speed operation
25. Rong-Jong Wai, Chia-Chin Chu, "Motion Control of Linear Induction Motor via Petri Fuzzy Neural Network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 281-295, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper focuses on the development of a Petri-fuzzy-neural-network (PFNN) control for an indirect field-oriented linear-induction-motor (LIM) drive. First, an indirect field-oriented mechanism for a LIM drive is derived to preserve the decoupling control characteristic. Then, the concept of a Petri net (PN) is incorporated into a traditional FNN (TFNN) to form a new type of PFNN framework for alleviating the computation burden. Moreover, the supervised gradient descent method is used to develop the online training algorithm for the PFNN. In order to guarantee the convergence of tracking error, analytical methods based on a discrete-type Lyapunov function are proposed to determine the varied learning rates of the PFNN. With the proposed PFNN control system, the mover position of the controlled LIM drive possesses the advantages of good transient control performance and robustness to uncertainties for the tracking of periodic reference trajectories. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by both numerical simulations and experimental results. Furthermore, the superiority of the proposed PFNN control system is indicated in comparison with the TFNN control system
26. Franck Betin, Arnaud Sivert, Amine Yazidi, Grard-Andr Capolino, "Determination of Scaling Factors for Fuzzy Logic Control Using the Sliding-Mode Approach: Application to Control of a DC Machine Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 296-309, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a new approach to define the optimum values of the scaling factors for a fuzzy logic controller, based on the sliding mode theory, has been proposed. Indeed, these factors are chosen in such a way that the trajectory in the phase plane is always attracted by the main diagonal of the fuzzy matrix and slides on this line. This approach was first tested in simulation to control the position of a permanent-magnet direct-current machine drive and then implemented on a low-cost 16-bit microcontroller. Furthermore, the scaling factors are tuned in function of the distance between the reference and the output in such a way as to cope with the discretization of the lookup table stored in the memory of the microcontroller. This algorithm has been successfully applied on an advanced test bed, which allows mechanical configuration changes
27. Sung-Sae Lee, Seong-Wook Choi, Gun-Woo Moon, "High-Efficiency Active-Clamp Forward Converter With Transient Current Build-Up (<>TCB<>) ZVS Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 310-318, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, an active-clamp forward converter with transient current build-up zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique is proposed. The proposed converter is suitable for the low-voltage and high-current applications. The structure of the proposed converter is the same as that of the conventional active-clamp forward converter. However, since it controls the secondary synchronous switch to build up the primary current during the very short period of time, the ZVS operation is easily achieved without any additional conduction losses of magnetizing current in the transformer and clamp circuit. Furthermore, there are no additional circuits required for the ZVS operation of power switches. Therefore, the proposed converter can achieve the high efficiency and low electromagnetic-interference noise resulting from the soft switching without any additional conduction losses and shows the high power density resulting from the high efficiency and no additional components added. The operational principle and design example are presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed converter can achieve an excellent ZVS performance throughout all load conditions and a significant improvement in the efficiency for the 100-W (5 V, 20 A) prototype converter
28. Ke Jin, Xinbo Ruan, Fuxin Liu, "An Improved ZVS PWM Three-Level Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 319-329, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes an improved zero-voltage-switching pulse-width-modulation three-level converter (ZVS PWM TL converter), which is improved from the original ZVS PWM TL converter just by exchanging the position of the resonant inductor and the transformer, such that the transformer is connected with the lagging switches. The improved converter has several advantages over the original one, e.g., the clamping diodes conduct only once in a switching period, and the resonant inductor current is smaller in zero state, leading to a higher efficiency and reduced duty cycle loss. A blocking capacitor is usually introduced to the primary side to prevent the transformer from saturating, this paper analyzes the effects of the blocking capacitor in different positions, and a best scheme is determined. A 2.5-kW prototype converter verifies the effectiveness of the improved converter and the best scheme for the blocking capacitor
29. Kyu Min Cho, Won Seok Oh, Young Tae Kim, Hee Jun Kim, "A New Switching Strategy for Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Power Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 330-337, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a new switching strategy for pulse width modulation (PWM) power converters. Since the proposed strategy uses independent on/off switching action of the upper or lower arm according to the polarity of the current, the dead time is not needed except instant of current polarity change. Therefore, it is not necessary to compensate the dead time effect and the possibility of arm short is strongly eliminated. The current control of PWM power converters can easily adopt the proposed switching strategy by using the polarity information of the reference current instead of the real current, thus eliminating the problems that commonly arise from real current detection. In order to confirm the usefulness of the proposed switching strategy, experimental tests were done using a single-phase inverter with passive loads, a three-phase inverter for induction motor drives, a three-phase ac/dc PWM converter, a three-phase active power filter, and a class-D amplifier, the results of which are presented in this paper
30. Li Peng, Yong Kang, Xuejun Pei, Jian Chen, "A Novel PWM Technique in Digital Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 338-346, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: One problem with microprocessor-based high-frequency pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converters is the modulating resolution limitation caused by limited-time resolution of hardware timers. In this paper, a novel PWM technique, the double PWM (DPWM), is proposed. DPWM combines the advantages of low-frequency modulation and high-frequency switching in power conversion and resolves the contradiction between high frequency and accuracy in a digital control scheme. DPWM effectively increases the resolution in digital control, while the harmonics introduced by this method is found to be negligible. Theoretical analysis, characteristics, and design considerations are given, and they are verified by experiments on a 5.5-kW 20-kHz insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor boost-buck converter
31. Brad Bryant, Marian K. Kazimierczuk, "Voltage-Loop Power-Stage Transfer Functions With MOSFET Delay for Boost PWM Converter Operating in CCM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 347-353, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Open-loop transfer functions can be used to create closed-loop models of pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters. The closed-loop small-signal model can be used to design a controller for the switching converter with well-known linear control theory. The dynamics of the power stage for boost PWM dc-dc converter operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) are studied. The transfer functions from output current to output voltage, from duty cycle to output voltage including MOSFET delay, and from input voltage to output voltage are derived. The derivations are performed using an averaged linear circuit small-signal model of the boost converter for CCM. Experimental Bode plots and step responses were used to test the accuracy of the derived transfer functions. The theoretical and experimental responses were in excellent agreement, confirming the validity of the derived transfer functions
32. Rong-Jong Wai, Chung-You Lin, Rou-Yong Duan, Yung-Ruei Chang, "High-Efficiency DC-DC Converter With High Voltage Gain and Reduced Switch Stress," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 354-364, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a high-efficiency dc-dc converter with high voltage gain and reduced switch stress is proposed. Generally speaking, the utilization of a coupled inductor is useful for raising the step-up ratio of the conventional boost converter. However, the switch surge voltage may be caused by the leakage inductor so that it will result in the requirement of high-voltage-rated devices. In the proposed topology, a three-winding coupled inductor is used for providing a high voltage gain without extreme switch duty-cycle and enhancing the utility rate of magnetic core. Moreover, the energy in the leakage inductor is released directly to the output terminal for avoiding the phenomenon of circulating current and the production of switch surge voltage. In addition, the delay time formed with the cross of primary and secondary currents of the coupled inductor is manipulated to alleviate the reverse-recovery current of the output diode. It can achieve the aim of high-efficiency power conversion. Furthermore, the closed-loop control methodology is utilized in the proposed scheme to overcome the voltage drift problem of the power source under the variation of loads. Some experimental results via an example of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power source with 250-W nominal rating are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed power conversion strategy
33. Chang-Gyun Kim, Kyu-Chan Lee, Bo H. Cho, "Analysis of Current Distribution in Driving Multiple Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 365-373, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) show complex characteristics, which make it difficult to drive them in parallel. In this paper, a backlight inverter, which can drive multiple CCFLs using single controller and single switching network, is presented. The analysis of the lamp current distribution is presented in detail. The current-balancing condition, under which the lamp currents are well balanced in the presence of the lamp voltage variation, is derived. The effect of the resonant component variation is also investigated. The analysis results are verified from experiments with two 720-mm/4-mm CCFLs for 32-in liquid crystal display televisions. Experimental results with eight CCFLs are also presented in the presence of the lamp voltage and the resonant component deviation
34. Nobuyoshi Mutoh, Takayoshi Inoue, "A Control Method to Charge Series-Connected Ultraelectric Double-Layer Capacitors Suitable for Photovoltaic Generation Systems Combining MPPT Control Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 374-383, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A control method is described to charge series-connected ultraelectric double-layer capacitors (ultra-EDLCs) suitable for photovoltaic generation systems in combination with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method. The EDLC charge control method allows the maximum power acquired by the MPPT control to be quickly charged into series-connected ultra-EDLCs no matter how the weather conditions may change. In the MPPT control, the output current of the solar arrays is controlled so that the output power converges on the maximum power in the prediction line previously determined based on the linearity between the maximum output power and the optimization current. The proportionality coefficient of the prediction line is automatically corrected using the hill-climbing method when the panel temperature of the solar arrays is changed. The EDLC charge control is performed with the three charge modes, i.e., the constant current charge mode, constant power charge mode, and the constant voltage charge mode while supervising the maximum voltage and allowable temperature of each series-connected EDLC. Effectiveness of the methods is verified by simulations and experiments
35. Antonio Lazaro, Andrs Barrado, Marina Sanz, Vicente Salas, Emilio Olias, "New Power Factor Correction AC-DC Converter With Reduced Storage Capacitor Voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 384-397, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Most of single-stage power factor correction (PFC) ac-dc converters usually present a high voltage swing on the storage capacitor. That means, high size and cost of the storage capacitor is obtained. The Series Inductance Interval (SII) PFC converters allow reducing cost and size of the storage capacitor since the capacitor voltage is lower than the output voltage and, therefore, the voltage swing is significantly reduced. In this paper, the novel single-stage SII-B-2D PFC converter is presented. In addition, this topology provides input current harmonics under EN61000-3-2 Class D limits and advantageous component count
36. Liang-Rui Chen, "A Design of an Optimal Battery Pulse Charge System by Frequency-Varied Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 398-405, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a variable frequency pulse charge system (VFPCS), that can detect and dynamically track the optimal charge frequency, is proposed to improve the battery-charge response. To assess the system performance, a prototype of the VFPCS for 600-mAh lithium-ion battery is designed and implemented. Compared with the standard constant-current and constant-voltage charge system, the charge speed of the proposed VFPCS is improved above 24%, while the proposed VFPCS is improved above 10% compared with the conventional fixed-frequency pulse charge system. The results indicate that the VFPCS can actually provide pulse with optimal frequency to charge the battery and the charge response is improved
37. Martin Aime, Guillaume Gateau, Thierry A. Meynard, "Implementation of a Peak-Current-Control Algorithm Within a Field-Programmable Gate Array," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 406-418, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Peak current control is a strategy widely used to control power electronic systems such as forward converters or two-level choppers. This strategy is characterized by constant switching frequency with good dynamic performance. This paper presents the application of this strategy to a multilevel voltage-source converter. The algorithm ensures that the converter output current follows the target reference, but it must be modified to include voltage-level selection within the multilevel converter. The principle of operation is introduced, and the implementation of the algorithm using a field-programmable gate array is demonstrated. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the control technique
38. Xiyou Chen, Dianguo Xu, Fengchun Liu, Jianqiu Zhang, "A Novel Inverter-Output Passive Filter for Reducing Both Differential- and Common-Mode $dv/dt$ at the Motor Terminals in PWM Drive Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 419-426, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A novel inverter-output filter, which cannot only filter the differential-mode voltage dv/dt but also suppress the common-mode voltage dv/dt and their rms values, is proposed in this paper. The filter is in combination with a conventional RLC filter and a common-mode transformer. The main advantage is that the functions of filtering a differential-mode voltage and suppressing a common-mode voltage can be integrated into a single system. Furthermore, the structure and design of the proposed filter are rather simple because only passive components are used. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed filter. Both of their results indicate that about 80% of the rms value of the common-mode voltage are suppressed, while the demand of differential-mode voltage filtering is still met
39. Saad Mekhilef, Ahmad Maliki Omar, Nasrudin Abd Rahim, "Modeling of Three-Phase Uniform Symmetrical Sampling Digital PWM for Power Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 427-432, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A mathematical approach of modeling and analyzing three-phase pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is presented. The three-phase flyback converter required a unique pattern of PWM to optimize the power transfer in the magnetic circuit used in the converter. The three-phase PWM is generated digitally based on uniform symmetrical sampling technique using Xilinx chip. The generated PWM pattern is able to reduce the magnitude of the low order of harmonic components present in the input ac supply. Although software simulation could simulate the PWM pattern, it does not represent the exact pattern as being generated digitally. The mathematical approach used is to model the PWM pattern exactly as being created digitally. The proposed mathematical technique could also be used to analyze any digital PWM. The result of the mathematical analysis on the PWM pattern could be used to study the characteristics of the pattern such as maximum and minimum value of duty cycle, pulsewidth, turn-on time, turn-off time, and modulation index. To verify the validity of the proposed technique, the results obtained from the mathematical model, experimental, and simulation using PSpice were compared
40. Shigenori Inoue, Toshihisa Shimizu, Keiji Wada, "Control Methods and Compensation Characteristics of a Series Active Filter for a Neutral Conductor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 433-440, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Due to the advance of information technologies, a large number of electronic products such as personal computers have been connected to power distribution systems in commercial buildings. Hence, voltage distortion on utility outlets and excessive neutral current on distribution lines have arisen and lead to a number of serious problems in the distribution system. Two control methods and the related compensation characteristics of a series active filter connected to the neutral conductor are presented in this paper. The distinct functions of the proposed active filter are the mitigation of the third-harmonic voltage and the neutral current in a three-phase four-wire distribution system in a building. The required power of the proposed active filter is less than 10% of that of the harmonic-producing loads. A control method of the dc capacitor voltage on the active filter circuit is also described. It is clarified through experiments that one of the two functions of the active filter can be realized selectively and the dc capacitor voltage of the active filter can be regulated to a desired value
41. Franois Forest, Sbastien Faucher, Jean-Yves Gaspard, Didier Montloup, Jean-Jacques Huselstein, Charles Joubert, "Frequency-Synchronized Resonant Converters for the Supply of Multiwinding Coils in Induction Cooking Appliances," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 441-452, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The induction heating principle has been successfully introduced for about 20 years in domestic cooking appliances. The technical developments now concern the improvement of the current appliances and the introduction of new functions. So, one tendency is the design of multiwinding induction coils that are very adaptive concerning the shape and the power capability. This paper describes different original converter topologies designed to supply multiwinding coils, and, in addition, multicoil systems. The proposed topologies are based on particular use and associations of zero-voltage switching series-resonant converters. They are all characterized by a frequency-synchronized operating mode, in order to prevent any acoustic harm that could result from beating frequency-interferences
42. eljko V. Despotovic, Zoran Stojiljkovic, "Power Converter Control Circuits for Two-Mass Vibratory Conveying System With Electromagnetic Drive: Simulations and Experimental Results," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 453-466, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A mathematical model of two-mass vibratory conveying system with electromagnetic vibratory actuator (EVA) and possible ways of their optimal control by using power converter is presented in this paper. Vibratory conveyors are commonly used in industry to carry a wide variety of particulate and granular materials. Application of electromagnetic vibratory drive combined with power converters provides flexibility during work. The use of a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) implies a phase angle control, which is very easy, but with many disadvantages (fixed frequency which is imposed by ac mains supply, poor power factor, mechanical retuning, etc.). Switching converters overcomes these disadvantages. Only then, driving for EVA does not depend on mains frequency. As well as amplitude and duration of excitation force tuning, it is also possible to tune its frequency. Consequently, complicated mechanical tuning is eliminated and seeking resonant frequency is provided. Previously mentioned facts motivated phase angle control and switch mode control behavior research for electromagnetic vibratory drives. Simulation and experimental results and their comparisons are exposed in this paper. The simulation model and results are given in the program package PSPICE. Experimental results are recorded on implemented control systems for SCR and transistor power converters. Partial results concerning the resonant frequency seeking process with transistor converter are also exposed
43. Jong-Jae Lee, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "DC–DC Converter Using a Multiple-Coupled Inductor for Low Output Voltages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 467-478, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A new multiple-coupled inductor (MCI) is proposed for good cross regulation among low output voltages, high power density, and reduced converter volume. Moreover, a current doubler rectifier and a self-driven synchronous rectifier are presented to achieve high efficiency. The structure of the MCI is composed of four windings on a common core, and has the properties of a current doubler and good cross regulation. A dc-dc half-bridge converter using the proposed MCI is analyzed and designed for 40-W low output voltages (3.3, 4.5 V). This converter is very suitable for high current and low voltage applications. It is shown via experimental results that efficiency of over 90% and cross regulation of about 5% are achieved
44. Pan Qijun, Ma Weiming, Liu Dezhi, Zhao Zhihua, Meng Jin, "A New Critical Formula and Mathematical Model of Double-Tap Interphase Reactor in a Six-Phase Tap-Changer Diode Rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 479-485, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a new practical formula to calculate the critical value of interphase reactor (IPR) in a six-phase diode rectifier with tap-changer. In addition, a mathematical model of the double-tap IPR has been established by equivalent circuit method. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the formula and mathematical model. On the basis of the above achievements, a simple and effective approach is provided to design the IPR and to analyze the performance of the whole system
45. Abdul Rahiman Beig, G. Narayanan, V. T. Ranganathan, "Modified SVPWM Algorithm for Three Level VSI With Synchronized and Symmetrical Waveforms," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 486-494, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The objective of the present work is to improve the output waveform of three level inverters used in high-power applications, where the switching frequency is very low. This is achieved by maintaining the synchronization, half-wave symmetry, quarter-wave symmetry, and three-phase symmetry in the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) waveforms. The principles of achieving synchronization and symmetries in terms of space vectors for three level inverters are presented. A novel synchronized space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) algorithms is proposed and verified experimentally. The experimental waveforms of the inverter output voltage and motor no load current for different operating conditions of the drive are presented. The performance measure in terms of the weighted total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line voltage is computed for the linear modulation region of the drive for the proposed algorithm and compared with that of synchronized SVPWM and synchronized sine-triangle pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) technique. The comparative results show that consideration of synchronization and symmetry results in improved THD. Another significant feature of the proposed algorithm is that the symmetry and synchronization leads to self-balancing of the direct current (dc) bus capacitor voltages over every one third cycle of the fundamental
46. Jos Rodriguez, Jorge Pontt, Csar A. Silva, Pablo Correa, Pablo Lezana, Patricio Cortes, Ulrich Ammann, "Predictive Current Control of a Voltage Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 495-503, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a predictive current control method and its application to a voltage source inverter. The method uses a discrete-time model of the system to predict the future value of the load current for all possible voltage vectors generated by the inverter. The voltage vector which minimizes a quality function is selected. The quality function used in this work evaluates the current error at the next sampling time. The performance of the proposed predictive control method is compared with hysteresis and pulsewidth modulation control. The results show that the predictive method controls very effectively the load current and performs very well compared with the classical solutions
47. G. Escobar, A. A. Valdez, J. Leyva-Ramos, P. Mattavelli, "Repetitive-Based Controller for a <>UPS<> Inverter to Compensate Unbalance and Harmonic Distortion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 504-510, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper discusses a repetitive-based controller for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) inverter. It is shown that a bank of resonant filters, used as a refinement term for harmonic compensation in earlier works, is equivalent to a repetitive scheme with a particular structure. The latter is implemented using a simple feedback array with a delay line, thus making the implementation relatively easy. More precisely, the repetitive scheme takes a negative feedback structure plus a feedforward path whenever the odd harmonics are considered for compensation only. The repetitive scheme, equivalent to the bank of resonant filters, acts as a refinement term to reject the harmonic distortion caused by the unbalanced and distorted load current, and thus, allowing the UPS inverter to deliver an almost pure sinusoidal balanced voltage. Experimental results in a 1.5 KVA three-phase inverter are included to show the performance of the proposed controller
48. Lrinc Marton, Bla Lantos, "Modeling, Identification, and Compensation of Stick-Slip Friction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 511-521, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The paper presents a novel approach for stick-slip friction modeling. The adaptive friction compensator, which uses this modified model guarantees the convergence of the tracking error to a small residual set and at the same time the algorithm can easily be implemented on standard industrial controller architectures. The model clearly distinguishes the low and the high-velocity regimes. Accordingly, at low velocities the adaptive laws in the friction compensator tune only the parameters which characterizes the low-speed friction behavior (Striebeck friction) and at the high-speed regime the adaptive laws modify only the parameters which characterize the high-speed friction behavior (Coulomb and viscous friction terms). An off-line identification method for the friction model parameters is also presented. Experimental results are provided to show the performances of the proposed friction modeling and compensation method
49. Mohammad S. Alam, Abdullah Bal, "Improved Multiple Target Tracking via Global Motion Compensation and Optoelectronic Correlation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 522-529, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Camera motion estimation in image sequences generally focuses on the recovery of the frames when the camera is mounted on a moving platform. Global motion in video sequences is more complex and involves camera operation, camera motion, and other nontarget motions. Global motion compensation is usually handled by compensating the dominant motion using estimation and segmentation techniques. To enhance tracker performance and accuracy, frame recovery operation plays a crucial role by estimating undesired motion. In this paper, a normalized correlation-based regional template-matching (TM) algorithm has been developed to accurately recover frames before the application of the tracking algorithm. Then, a robust multiple-target-tracking system has been developed using a combination of fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator and TM techniques. Joint transform correlation detects a target optoelectronically, while TM technique is performed digitally. To increase the tracking system speed and decrease the effects of clutter, a subframe segmentation and local deviation-based image-preprocessing algorithm has been proposed. The improved performance of multiple-target-tracking system is tested using real-life forward-looking infrared (IR) imagery video sequences obtained from IR sensors mounted on an airborne platform
50. Seiichiro Katsura, Yuichi Matsumoto, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Modeling of Force Sensing and Validation of Disturbance Observer for Force Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 530-538, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Controlling robots in contact with the environment is an important problem in industry applications. Generally, a force sensor is used for sensing the external force. It is well known that information of a force sensor has much noise. Furthermore, unstable state is also caused by the narrow bandwidth of force information by a force sensor. This paper shows that stable contact with the environment is difficult when a force sensor is used because of its soft mechanical structure and narrow bandwidth of force sensing. In order to solve the instability of force control, the disturbance observer is implemented instead of the force sensor. The disturbance observer can observe the external force without force sensors. When the disturbance observer is implemented in a robot, a force control system does not include a soft mechanism between a robot and the environment. Since a robot can detect the environmental information directly, a wide bandwidth of force sensing is attained. In this way, this paper solves the problems of force control by considering the force sensing method without changing the control architecture, and the ability of force control is improved. Experimental results show viability of the proposed method
51. Seiichiro Katsura, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Force Servoing by Flexible Manipulator Based on Resonance Ratio Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 539-547, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a force servoing method to suppress torsional vibration of two-mass resonant system. The resonance ratio control is one of the effective control methods of two-mass resonant system. In this method, the ratio between the resonant frequency of motor and arm is determined arbitrary according to the feedback of estimated reaction torque. The reaction torque is estimated by using a position sensitive detector (PSD). Since the estimation method does not need the parameter identification, the torsion information is obtained with accuracy. To attain the affinity and adaptability to environment, motion systems should control the reaction torque from the environment. In the force servoing system, the force command is given as a disturbance of the arm portion. The arm disturbance is observed by the arm disturbance observer without force sensors. The proposed force servoing system is based on both the conventional PD control and the resonance ratio control, and the determination method of pole placement is discussed. The proposed force servoing system can realize both the suppression of the inner torsional reaction torque and the adaptation to unknown outer force inputs. The numerical and experimental results show the viability of the proposed method
52. Hongtao Du, Hairong Qi, Xiaoling Wang, "Comparative Study of VLSI Solutions to Independent Component Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 548-558, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The advent of independent component analysis (ICA) has brought a paradigm shift to signal and image processing. ICA that extracts independent source signals by searching for a linear or nonlinear transformation and minimizing the statistical dependence between components has the promise of effective unsupervised signal separation capability. Due to the computation complexity of ICA and commonly high-volume data sets used in signal and image processing, the ICA process, however, is very time-consuming. Very large scale integration (VLSI) solutions with optimal parallelism provide potentially faster and even real-time implementations for ICA algorithms. In this paper, the authors study these solutions and discuss their limits. Critical challenges are identified, and issues associated with the VLSI implementation of ICA algorithms are designed. Design recommendations that have potentials in performing complicated ICA algorithms on large throughput are provided
53. Rahul Dubey, Pramod Agarwal, M. K. Vasantha, "Programmable Logic Devices for Motion Control—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 559-566, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Programmable logic devices (PLDs) are increasing their presence in power electronics and motion control applications. With rising gate densities of PLDs, larger functionality is being incorporated. This paper looks at certain areas of motion control that are making use of PLD for faster control and in taking the processing load off the system microprocessor
54. Gerardo Escobar, P. R. Martinez, J. Leyva-Ramos, "Analog Circuits to Implement Repetitive Controllers With Feedforward for Harmonic Compensation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 567-573, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A feedforward modification for both positive- and negative-feedback schemes of repetitive control is described. It was shown that repetitive controllers can be a useful tool for tracking of periodic reference signals and compensation of periodic disturbances, in other words, for harmonic compensation. It was shown that the feedforward modification considerably improves the frequency response and performance, providing higher gains with enhanced selectivity. Simple analog circuits are presented to implement both positive- and negative-feedback repetitive schemes. A description of the circuits and their corresponding experimental frequency responses are also given
55. Chih-Lyang Hwang, Li-Jui Chang, Yuan-Sheng Yu, "Network-Based Fuzzy Decentralized Sliding-Mode Control for Car-Like Mobile Robots," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 574-585, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, the trajectory tracking of a car-like mobile robot (CLMR) using network-based fuzzy decentralized sliding-mode control (NBFDSMC) is developed. The scaling factors and the coefficients of the sliding surface for the control of the steering angle and forward-backward velocity of a CLMR are adopted by that for the control of two motors. Due to the delay transmission of a signal through an Internet and wireless module, a revision of fuzzy decentralized sliding-mode control (FDSMC) with suitable sampling time (i.e., NBFDSMC) is accomplished by the quality-of-service (QoS). The proposed control can track a reference trajectory without the requirement of a mathematical model. Only the information of the upper bound of system knowledge (including the dynamics of the CLMR, the delay feature of Internet network, and wireless module) is required to select the suitable scaling factors and coefficients of sliding surface such that an excellent performance is obtained. In addition, the stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of time-varying delay is addressed. Finally, a sequence of experiments including the control of unloaded CLMR and the trajectory tracking of CLMR is carried out to consolidate the usefulness of the proposed control system
56. Rong-Jong Wai, "Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Control Using Adaptive Tuning Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 586-594, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This study mainly deals with the key problem of chattering phenomena on the conventional sliding-mode control (SMC) and investigates an adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control (AFSMC) system for an indirect field-oriented induction motor (IM) drive to track periodic commands. First, an indirect field-orientation method for an IM drive is introduced briefly. Moreover, a fuzzy logic inference mechanism is utilized for implementing a fuzzy hitting control law to remove completely the chattering phenomena on the conventional SMC. In addition, to confront the uncertainties existed in practical applications, an adaptive algorithm, which is derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem, is utilized to adjust the fuzzy parameter for further assuring robust and optimal control performance. The indirect field-oriented IM drive with the AFSMC scheme possesses the salient advantages of simple control framework, free from chattering, stable tracking control performance, and robust to uncertainties. Furthermore, numerical simulation and experimental results due to periodic sinusoidal commands are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, and its advantages are indicated in comparison with the conventional SMC system and the SMC system with a boundary layer
57. Mestan Tekin, Daniel Hissel, Marie-Ccile Pera, Jean Marie Kauffmann, "Energy-Management Strategy for Embedded Fuel-Cell Systems Using Fuzzy Logic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 595-603, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a fuzzy-logic approach to the energy management of an embedded fuel-cell system. The main objective is to study one of the most technological bolts to be overcome for embedded fuel-cell systems: Their energy optimization. To reach this aim, experimentally validated models of a low-power 5-kW proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell and its most power-hungry ancillary (the fuel-cell air-supply system) are described. All simulation results have been performed using Matlab/Simulink environment. Two fuzzy controllers will be proposed for both the internal air-supply control loop and for the whole-embedded energy-management strategy
58. Kyung-Jin Choi, Young-Hyun Lee, Jong-Woo Moon, Chong-Kug Park, Fumio Harashima, "Development of an Automatic Stencil Inspection System Using Modified Hough Transform and Fuzzy Logic," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 604-611, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, the authors present a system to inspect metal stencil that is used to print solder paste on pads of surface-mounted device on printed circuit board. The developed inspection system is composed of a moderately precise X-Y robot and a vision system. To correct a position error caused by the X-Y robot, the authors define position error vector and apply modified Hough transform to determine the dominant position error vector. Using this extracted dominant position error vector, the reference image is modified. This transformed reference image is compared with the camera image. Fuzzy logic is utilized to judge the correctness of the holes on the stencil. The input variables are the ratio of the overlapped area of two holes and the distance between the centroid of them. The output variable is the grade of the identity of the hole. These methods are verified by a simulation and applied to the inspection system
59. H. K. Lam, Frank H. F. Leung, "Design and Training for Combinational Neural-Logic Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 612-619, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents the combinational neural-logic system. The basic components, i.e., the neural-logic-and, -or, and -not gates, will be proposed. As different applications have different characteristics, a traditional neural network with a common structure might not handle every application well if some network connections are redundant and cause internal disturbances, which may downgrade the training and network performance. In this paper, the proposed neural-logic gates are the basic building blocks for the applications. Based on the knowledge of the application and the neural-logic design methodology, a combinational neural-logic system can be designed systematically to incorporate the characteristics of the application into the structure of the combinational neural-logic system. It will enhance the training and network performance. The parameters of the combinational neural-logic system will be trained by the genetic algorithm. To illustrate the merits of the proposed approach, the combinational neural-logic system will be realized practically to recognize Cantonese speech commands for an electronic book
60. Chengyi Guo, Qing Song, Wenjian Cai, "A Neural Network Assisted Cascade Control System for Air Handling Unit," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 620-628, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In the centralized heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, air handling units (AHUs) are traditionally controlled by single-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. The control structure is simple, but the performance is usually not satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a cascade control strategy for temperature control of AHU. Instead of a fixed PID controller in the classical cascade control scheme, a neural network (NN) controller is used in the outer control loop. This approach not only overcomes the tedious tuning procedure for the inner and outer loop PID parameters of a classical cascade control system, but also makes the whole control system be adaptive and robust. The multilayer NN is trained online by a special training algorithm-simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA)-based training algorithm. With the SPSA-based training algorithm, the weight convergence of the NN and stability of the control system is guaranteed. The novel cascade control system has been implemented on an experimental HVAC system. Testing results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm over the classical cascade control system
61. Khalid Abidi, Asif Sabanovic, "Sliding-Mode Control for High-Precision Motion of a Piezostage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 629-637, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, control of piezostage using sliding-mode control (SMC) method is presented. Due to the fast dynamics of the piezostage and since high accuracy is required the special attention is paid to avoid chattering. The presence of hysteresis characteristics represents main nonlinearity in the system. Structure of proposed SMC controller is proven to offer chattering-free motion and rejection of the disturbances represented by hysteresis and the time variation of the piezostack parameters. In order to enhance the accuracy of the closed loop system, a combination of disturbance rejection method and the SMC controller is explored and its effectiveness is experimentally demonstrated. The disturbance observer is constructed using a second-order lumped parameter model of the piezostage and is based on SMC framework. Closed-loop experiments are presented using a proportional-integral-derivative controller and sliding-mode controller with disturbance compensation for the purpose of comparison
62. Susumu Hara, "A Smooth Switching From Power-Assist Control to Automatic Transfer Control and Its Application to a Transfer Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 638-650, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Power-assist system technology and its application to manufacturing systems have attracted special interest recently. For example, automobile assembly processes utilizing power-assist systems exist. Many power-assist systems for industrial uses possess simple power-assisting functions only. The transfer of controlled objects is generally processed by another system. This paper proposes a transfer control method for a cart with motor by means of a smooth switching from the impedance control realizing the power-assist to the servo control for automatic transfer. To obtain the smooth switching, this paper utilizes a nonstationary impedance control method whose impedance parameters are time varying. A linear quadratic integral control method based on time-varying feedback gains is also introduced. By considering the setting of the time-varying parameters, the control characteristic is smoothly varied without control input saturation. This method increases the efficiency of control processes and realizes comfortable work for operators. The effectiveness of the method is verified by experiments and simulations
63. Wenbiao Han, Mohsen A. Jafari, "Coordination Control of Positioning and Deposition in Layered Manufacturing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 651-659, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In fused-deposition (FD)-based layered manufacturing processes, the fabrication of functional part requires very high layer quality, which demands not only positioning precision but also deposition accuracy. Current FD techniques cannot realize an accurate deposition due to the lack of interaction between the positioning process and the deposition process. To achieve a high degree of deposition accuracy, a coordination controller is proposed, which tracks the variation of the X-Y table speed in real time and regulates the material flow rate accordingly. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach
64. Adam Mirecki, Xavier Roboam, Frdric Richardeau, "Architecture Complexity and Energy Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 660-670, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The power characteristics of wind turbines are nonlinear. It is particularly true for vertical-axis turbines whose provided power is very sensitive to the load. Thus, controlling the operating point is essential to optimize the energetic behavior. Several control strategies (maximum power point tracking) can be used for the energy conversion. If the wind-turbine characteristic Cp(lambda) is supposed to be a priori known, it can be used for optimal control of the torque, speed, or system output power. On the contrary, if this characteristic is unknown, an operational seeking algorithm such as fuzzy logic has to be implemented. Several structures with different associated complexity degrees can be used, in particular, the structure of the ac-dc conversion, which can be either a pulsewidth-modulation voltage-source rectifier or a simple diode bridge. A comparative study of the corresponding control strategies and architectures is proposed in this paper regarding the tradeoffs between structure complexity and energy efficiency. The analysis is based on simulations and experiments
65. Andon Venelinov Topalov, Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella, Vincenzo Giordano, Francesco Cupertino, Okyay Kaynak, "Sliding Mode Neuro-Adaptive Control of Electric Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 671-679, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: An innovative variable-structure-systems-based approach for online training of neural network (NN) controllers as applied to the speed control of electric drives is presented. The proposed learning algorithm establishes an inner sliding motion in terms of the controller parameters, leading the command error towards zero. The outer sliding motion concerns the controlled electric drive, the state tracking error vector of which is simultaneously forced towards the origin of the phase space. The equivalence between the two sliding motions is demonstrated. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed control scheme and its practical feasibility in industrial settings, experimental tests have been carried out with electric motor drives. Crucial problems such as adaptability, computational costs, and robustness are discussed. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed NN-based speed controller possesses a remarkable learning capability to control electric drives, virtually without requiring a priori knowledge of the plant dynamics and laborious startup procedures
66. Sergio Saponara, Luca Fanucci, Pierangelo Terreni, "Architectural-Level Power Optimization of Microcontroller Cores in Embedded Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 680-683, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Power saving is becoming one of the major design drivers in electronic systems embedding microcontroller cores. Known microcontrollers typically save power at the expense of reduced computational capability. With reference to an 8051 core, this paper presents a novel clustered clock gating to increase power efficiency at architectural level without performance loss and preserving the reusability of the macrocell. Different from known clustered-gating strategies where the number of clusters is fixed a priori, the optimal cluster organization is derived, considering both the macrocell complexity and switching activity. When implementing the 8051 core in CMOS technology, the proposed approach leads to a 37% power saving, which is higher than the 29% permitted by automatic-clock-gating insertion in commercial computer-aided design tools or the 10% of state-of-the-art clustered-gating strategies. To assess its full functionality, the power-optimized cell has been proved in silicon that is embedded in an automotive system for sensors interface/control
67. Adrian Ioinovici, Henry S. H. Chung, Marek S. Makowski, Chi K. Tse, "Comments on “Unified Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Resonant Converters”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 684-685, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The realization of line and load regulation in switched-capacitor (SC)-based converters is discussed. A duty-cycle control is based on partial charging of the capacitors in the circuit. The influence on the efficiency is pointed out. The use of inductors in SC-based converters is discussed
68. Victor Perelmuter, "Comments on “Elimination of the Stator Resistance and Voltage Sensor Requirement Problems for DFO Control of an Induction Machine”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 685-686, Feb. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: It is shown that in the paper by Rehman (2005) the proposed method for a stator flux estimation does not have an advantage over a current model