IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
1. Helmut Prendinger, Mitsuru Ishizuka, "Symmetric Multimodality Revisited: Unveiling Users' Physiological Activity," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 692-698, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, we describe our own stance on a research area called “Humatronics,” which aims at establishing a (more) symmetric interaction relationship between humans and computer systems. In particular, we will advocate a novel approach to understanding humans that is based on largely involuntary and unconscious physiological information and gaze behavior rather than purposeful and conscious actions or behaviors. “Understanding humans” here refers to users' states related to emotion and affect, attention and interest, and possibly even to their intentions. A key feature of our approach is that it provides insight into a person's cognitive-motivational state without relying on cognitive judgements, such as answers to dedicated queries. Lifelike interface agents are endowed with synthetic bodies and faces and can be considered as prime candidates for outbalancing the asymmetric relationship in current human–computer interaction. As example applications, we will report on two recent studies that utilized lifelike agents as presenters or interaction partners of users. The resulting interactions can be conceived as implementing initial steps toward symmetric multimodality in user interfaces.
2. Takahiro Takeda, Yasuhisa Hirata, Kazuhiro Kosuge, "Dance Step Estimation Method Based on HMM for Dance Partner Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 699-706, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to realize an effective human–robot coordination with physical interaction. A dance partner robot has been proposed as a platform for it. To realize the effective human–robot coordination, recognizing human intention would be one of the key issues. This paper focuses on an estimation method for dance steps, which estimates a next dance step intended by a human. In estimating the dance step, time series data of force/moment applied by the human to the robot are used. The time series data of force/moment measured in dancing include uncertainty such as time lag and variations for repeated trials because the human could not always exactly apply the same force/moment to the robot. In order to treat the time series data including such uncertainty, hidden Markov models are utilized for designing the dance step estimation method. With the proposed method, the robot successfully estimates a next dance step based on human intention.
3. Sanbao Zheng, Dariusz Czarkowski, "Modeling and Digital Control of a Phase-Controlled Series–Parallel Resonant Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 707-715, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A nonlinear model for a phase-controlled series–parallel resonant converter is developed using the extended describing function method and $d{-}q$ decomposition. The model is linearized and reduced using the balanced model reduction technique. Based on the reduced model and taking into account the zero-order hold delay and the computation delay in the sampled-data system, a digital controller for the converter is designed. The controller is implemented with a digital signal processor (DSP). The closed-loop converter with the DSP controller is built and tested experimentally. Recorded transient waveforms show that the closed-loop converter is capable of not only responding to the reference input change as required by the design specifications, but also stabilizing the output effectively under disturbances from both the output and the input.
4. Amuliu Bogdan Proca, Ali Keyhani, "Sliding-Mode Flux Observer With Online Rotor Parameter Estimation for Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 716-723, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Field orientation techniques without flux measurements depend on the parameters of the motor, particularly on the rotor resistance or rotor time constant (for rotor field orientation). Since these parameters change continuously as a function of temperature, it is important that the value of rotor resistance is continuously estimated online. A fourth-order sliding-mode flux observer is developed in this paper. Two sliding surfaces representing combinations of estimated flux and current errors are used to enforce the flux and current estimates to their real values. Switching functions are used to drive the sliding surfaces to zero. The equivalent values of the switching functions (low-frequency components) are proven to be the rotor resistance and the inverse of the rotor time constant. This property is used to simultaneously estimate the rotor resistance and the inverse of the time constant without prior knowledge of either the rotor resistance or the magnetizing inductance. Simulations and experimental results prove the validity of the proposed approach.
5. Jun-Young Lee, "Single-Stage AC/DC Converter With Input-Current Dead-Zone Control for Wide Input Voltage Ranges," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 724-732, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A single-phase single-stage ac/dc converter with input-current dead-zone control is proposed. It is based on flyback topology operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The current charging into the link capacitor is controlled according to line changes by adjusting the input-current blocking angle to alleviate an excessive increase of the link voltage. The reduced voltage stress can maintain an almost-constant voltage irrespective of load conditions by operating in dc/dc stage in DCM. Experimental results of a 60-W (5-V 12-A output) prototype converter show that the link voltage is limited within 384 V and that the measured power factor is more than 0.91 under universal voltage inputs and entire load conditions. In addition, the maximum efficiency is measured to be about 81% at the rated condition.
6. Pablo Lezana, Csar A. Silva, Jos Rodrguez, Marcelo A. Prez, "Zero-Steady-State-Error Input-Current Controller for Regenerative Multilevel Converters Based on Single-Phase Cells," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 733-740, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Multicell converters are one of the alternative topologies for medium-voltage industrial drives. For an application requiring regenerative capability, each power cell must be constructed with a three- or single-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier as front end. The choice of single-phase PWM rectifiers for the input of the cells results in a reduced number of power switches and a simpler input transformer than the three-phase equivalent. However, its control is not as straightforward. This paper proposes the use of higher order resonant controllers in the classical control structure of the single-phase PWM rectifier. This ensures zero steady-state tracking error of the reference current at fundamental frequency. A detailed description of the design criteria for the position of the zeros and poles of the controller is given. Experimental results showing the good performance of the single-phase input cells and its proposed control are included.
7. Mangesh Borage, Sunil Tiwari, Swarna Kotaiah, "LCL-T Resonant Converter With Clamp Diodes: A Novel Constant-Current Power Supply With Inherent Constant-Voltage Limit," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 741-746, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The LCL-T resonant converter behaves as a constant-current (CC) source when operated at the resonant frequency. The output voltage of a CC power supply increases linearly with the load resistance. Therefore, a constant-voltage (CV) limit must be incorporated in the converter for its use in practical applications wherein the open-load condition is commonly experienced by a CC power supply, such as in an arc welding power supply. A novel LCL-T resonant converter with clamp diodes is proposed in this paper, which has built-in CC–CV characteristics. Since the CC–CV characteristics are inherent to the converter, and complex feedback control is not required, the proposed converter is rugged and reliable. The principle of operation of the converter is explained. Experimental results on a 500-W prototype are presented to demonstrate the inherent CC–CV behavior of the converter. Simple extensions of the topology featuring variable CV limits are described.
8. Yasser Abdel-Rady Ibrahim Mohamed, Ehab F. El-Saadany, "An Improved Deadbeat Current Control Scheme With a Novel Adaptive Self-Tuning Load Model for a Three-Phase PWM Voltage-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 747-759, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, an improved deadbeat current control scheme with a novel adaptive self-tuning load model for a three-phase pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) voltage-source inverter is proposed. First, to achieve high-bandwidth current control characteristics, an improved deadbeat current controller with delay compensation is adopted. The compensation method forces the delay elements, which are caused by voltage calculation, PWM, and synchronous frame rotation, to be equivalently placed outside the closed-loop control system. Hence, their effect on the closed-loop stability is eliminated, and the current controller can be designed with a higher bandwidth. Second, to relax the parameter sensitivity issue of the deadbeat controller and to realize a control scheme with reduced sensors, a novel adaptive self-tuning load model is emerged in the control structure. The adaptive model is designed with low computational demand to estimate in real time the load parameters $(R, L)$ and the back-electromotive-force voltage simultaneously. A unified solution to the present nonlinear estimation problem is presented by adopting a parallel observer structure. Furthermore, the adaptive model has the necessary phase advance of the estimated quantities, which compensates for the total system's delay. Comparative evaluation results are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
9. Yu-Kang Lo, Jing-Yuan Lin, Sheng-Yuan Ou, "Switching-Frequency Control for Regulated Discontinuous-Conduction-Mode Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 760-768, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A novel switching-frequency control method for regulated one-switch boost rectifiers operating at the boundary of discontinuous and continuous conduction modes is presented in this paper. To obtain a source current with the least amount of low-order harmonics, the duty cycle within a switching period is proportional to the ratio of the instantaneous value of the source voltage to the output voltage. According to the voltage gain analysis, the output voltage can be regulated by adjusting the switching frequency. Small-signal modeling is performed to facilitate the design process. The proposed control scheme features advantages such as higher input power factor and higher regulated output voltage compared to the traditional discontinuous conduction control with a fixed switching frequency and a constant duty cycle. Any well-developed commercial pulsewidth-modulation control integrated circuit can be adopted with only a minor modification. Experimental results show good conformation with the theoretical analysis.
10. Woo-Young Choi, Jung-Min Kwon, Eung-Ho Kim, Jong-Jae Lee, Bong-Hwan Kwon, "Bridgeless Boost Rectifier With Low Conduction Losses and Reduced Diode Reverse-Recovery Problems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 769-780, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A bridgeless boost rectifier with low conduction losses and reduced diode reverse-recovery problems is proposed for power-factor correction. The proposed boost rectifier can reduce the conduction losses and alleviate the diode reverse-recovery problems by using a coupled inductor and two additional diodes. Zero-current turn-off of the output diodes is achieved, and the reverse-recovery currents of the additional diodes are slowed down to reduce the diode reverse-recovery losses. All inductive components are realized on a single magnetic core by utilizing the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. Furthermore, for the use of this topology in the practical design, the linear peak current mode control is employed for the proposed boost rectifier. A detailed analysis and a control strategy are presented. Experimental results for a 300-W prototype are also discussed to show the performance of the proposed boost rectifier.
11. Hiroshi Takahashi, Daisuke Ukishima, Kazuhiko Kawamoto, Kaoru Hirota, "A Study on Predicting Hazard Factors for Safe Driving," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 781-789, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes an algorithm for detecting objects representing potential hazards to drivers based on the combination of local information derived from optical flows and global information obtained from the host vehicle's status. The algorithm uses artificial neural networks to infer the degree of danger posed by moving objects in dynamic images taken with a vehicle-mounted camera. This approach allows more flexible adaptation of the algorithm to many drivers with dissimilar characteristics. Experiments were conducted with both miniature vehicles in a virtual environment and real vehicles in a real driving situation using video images of multiple moving objects. The results show that the algorithm can infer hazardous situations similar to the judgments made by human drivers. The proposed algorithm provides the foundation for constructing a practical driving assistance system.
12. Yasufumi Takama, Shunichi Hattori, "Mining Association Rules for Adaptive Search Engine Based on RDF Technology," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 790-796, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A method for mining association rules that reflect the behaviors of past users is proposed for an adaptive search engine. The logs of the users' retrieving behaviors are described with the resource description framework model, from which association rules that reflect successful retrieving behaviors are extracted. The extracted rules are used to improve the performance of a metadata-based search engine. The document repository with adaptive hybrid search engine is also developed based on the proposed method. The repository consists of a document registration module, hybrid search engine, and reasoning base. The document registration module is designed to reduce the cost of adding metadata to documents, and the hybrid search engine combines full-text search with metadata-based search engine to improve the recall of retrieval result. The reasoning base is implemented based on the association rule mining method, which contributes to improve both precision and recall of the hybrid search engine. Experiments are performed with a virtual user model, of which results show that appropriate rules can be extracted with the proposed method. The proposed technologies will contribute to realize the concept of humatronics in terms of establishing symmetric relation between humans and systems, as well as sharing information, knowledge, and experiences via computer networks.
13. Dong-Choon Lee, Young-Sin Kim, "Control of Single-Phase-to-Three-Phase AC/DC/AC PWM Converters for Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 797-804, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel control scheme of single-phase-to-three-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converters for low-power three-phase induction motor drives, where a single-phase half-bridge PWM rectifier and a two-leg inverter are used. With this converter topology, the number of switching devices is reduced to six from ten in the case of full-bridge rectifier and three-leg inverter systems. In addition, the source voltage sensor is eliminated with a state observer, which controls the deviation between the model current and the system current to be zero. A simple scalar voltage modulation method is used for a two-leg inverter, and a new technique to eliminate the effect of the dc-link voltage ripple on the inverter output current is proposed. Although the converter topology itself is of lower cost than the conventional one, it retains the same functions such as sinusoidal input current, unity power factor, dc-link voltage control, bidirectional power flow, and variable-voltage and variable-frequency output voltage. The experimental results for the $V/f$ control of 3-hp induction motor drives controlled by a digital signal processor TMS320C31 chip have verified the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
14. Dae-Jin Kim, Kwang-Hyun Park, Zeungnam Bien, "Hierarchical Longitudinal Controller for Rear-End Collision Avoidance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 805-817, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Rear-end collision is a very serious problem in modern traffic situations, and there have been a great number of research reports on the longitudinal control method for road vehicles. In many cases, however, the control problem is formulated under platoon configuration and for some predictable noncollision situations. For predictable collision situations, regional and hierarchical approaches have been employed, but these approaches render difficulties due to ignorance for modeling error and logical error in a decision process. In this paper, the vehicle control for collision avoidance is studied with two control objectives, i.e., minimization of the safety distance error and regulation of the relative velocity between two vehicles. For this, a longitudinal controller using terminal sliding mode (TSM) with hierarchical structure is proposed for rear-end collision avoidance. The TSM is employed to achieve convergence in finite time, while the hierarchical approach is used for the system to accommodate the intelligence of the driver to handle various situations. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by software simulations.
15. Lennart Harnefors, Rolf Ottersten, "Regenerating-Mode Stabilization of the “Statically Compensated Voltage Model”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 818-824, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Reversal of rotation under load of sensorless induction motor drives is very challenging, as there is often an unstable region in the low-speed regenerating mode. In this paper, a variant of the classical “voltage model,” i.e., the “statically compensated voltage model,” is modified for stable regenerating-mode operation with accurate model motor parameters. The mechanisms behind two low-speed instability phenomena are thereafter explored, and methods for avoiding instability with inaccurate model parameters are developed. Experimental results verify the theory and show adequate performance.
16. Ching-Tsai Pan, Yi-Hung Liao, "Modeling and Coordinate Control of Circulating Currents in Parallel Three-Phase Boost Rectifiers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 825-838, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, definition of the circulating currents of multiphase paralleled converters is first presented, and the circulating-current-generating mechanism is clearly explained. Thus, based on this definition, an averaged model of the circulating current is proposed. It is seen from this model that the circulating current consists of not only the zero-sequence but also the nonzero-sequence components. The governing differential equation also shows explicitly the relation between the circulating currents and the affecting factors such as different pulse width-modulation strategies. With this understanding, a simple coordinate control is then presented to reduce the circulating current. The phenomenon of the intrinsic circulating current is also explained. Furthermore, a prototype system is constructed, and the proposed control is implemented using TMS320F2812 DSP. Both simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed theory and control.
17. G. Escobar, P. Mattavelli, A. M. Stankovic, Andrs A. Valdez, Jesus Leyva-Ramos, "An Adaptive Control for <>UPS<> to Compensate Unbalance and Harmonic Distortion Using a Combined Capacitor/Load Current Sensing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 839-847, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper investigates the control of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) using a combined measurement of capacitor and load currents in the same current sensor arrangement. The purpose of this combined measurement is, on one hand, to reach a similar performance as that obtained in the inductor current controller with load current feedforward and, on the other hand, to easily obtain an estimate of the inductor current for overcurrent protection capability. Based on this combined current measurement, a voltage controller based on resonant harmonic filters is investigated in order to compensate for unbalance and harmonic distortion on the load. Adaptation is included to cope with uncertainties in the system parameters. It is shown that after transformations the proposed controller gets a simple and practical form that includes a bank of resonant filters, which is in agreement with the internal model principle and corresponds to similar approaches proposed recently. The controller is based on a frequency-domain description of the periodic disturbances, which include both symmetric components, namely, the negative and positive sequence. Experimental results on the output stage of a three-phase three-wire UPS are presented to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm.
18. Enrico Canuto, Fabio Musso, Luca Massotti, "Automation and Control of Fabry–Pérot Interferometers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 848-857, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Fabry–Pérot interferometry (FPI), which was originally invented for spectroscopy, is now evolving as a basic technology for ultrafine dimensional stabilization and measurement. To this end, the light path length of an optical cavity and the wavelength of a laser source injected into the cavity have to be tuned to each other through a set of frequency and/or displacement actuators driven by a sharp and narrow signal-encoding total-cavity detuning. Digital control is essential in facilitating and automating FPI use in view of space applications and routine instrumentation. This paper shows how embedded model control (EMC) technology, which was developed by one of the authors, allows to systematically proceed from fine dynamics and requirements to the EM, which is the core of control design and algorithms. In this framework, all critical control issues have a coordinated solution: disturbance estimation and rejection, command constraints and multiplicity, hybrid dynamics, constraints due to unmodeled dynamics, and performance analysis. Several experimental results are illustrated and discussed in the light of the methodology.
19. Koen De Gusseme, David M. Van de Sype, Alex P. M. Van den Bossche, Jan A. Melkebeek, "Input-Current Distortion of CCM Boost PFC Converters Operated in DCM," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 858-865, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: When power-factor correction (PFC) converters designed for operation in continuous-conduction mode (CCM) at full power are operated at reduced load, operation in discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) occurs in a zone that is close to the crossover of the line voltage. This zone will gradually expand with decreasing load to finally encompass the entire line cycle. Whereas, in CCM, the parasitic capacitances of the switches only cause switching losses, in DCM, they are a source of converter instability, resulting in significant input-current distortion. In this paper, this source of input-current distortion is analyzed, and a solution is proposed. Experimental results are obtained using a digitally controlled boost PFC converter, which is designed to operate in CCM for 1 kW.
20. Naoyuki Kubota, Kenichiro Nishida, "Perceptual Control Based on Prediction for Natural Communication of a Partner Robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 866-877, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper discusses a perceptual system for natural communication between a partner robot and a human. The prediction is very important to reduce the computational cost and to extract the perceptual information for the natural communication with a human in the future. First, we propose a prediction-based perceptual control system based on spiking neurons. The proposed method is composed of four layers, namely: 1) input layer; 2) clustering layer; 3) prediction layer; and 4) perceptual module selection layer. Next, we propose an unsupervised learning method to perform the clustering of human behavior patterns. Furthermore, the robot selects perceptual modules used in the next perception according to the predicted perceptual mode. Furthermore, we show several experimental results of the communication between a partner robot and a human based on our proposed method.
21. Genya Ogawa, Katsuyuki Kise, Tsuyoshi Torii, Tomoharu Nagao, "Onboard Evolutionary Risk Recognition System for Automobiles—Toward the Risk Map System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 878-886, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: To achieve a system that improves the safety and comfort of the vehicle driving, a recognition system equivalent to the human recognition ability should be developed. However, the vehicle environment is complicated and involves situations so diverse that a uniform recognition processing approach cannot function sufficiently. For a solution to this problem, we have been studying a comprehensive risk recognition system, which we call the risk map system, with learning capability. As part of this paper, a system has been developed that autonomously obtains the image recognition processing. This paper presents a system as an example that automatically learns through genetic programming to obtain the image processing of pedestrians and vehicles taken by an onboard camera system.
22. Khalid Saeed, Mohammad Kheir Nammous, "A Speech-and-Speaker Identification System: Feature Extraction, Description, and Classification of Speech-Signal Image," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 887-897, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper discusses a speech-and-speaker (SAS) identification system based on spoken Arabic digit recognition. The speech signals of the Arabic digits from zero to ten are processed graphically (the signal is treated as an object image for further processing). The identifying and classifying methods are performed with Burg's estimation model and the algorithm of Töeplitz matrix minimal eigenvalues as the main tools for signal-image description and feature extraction. At the stage of classification, both conventional and neural-network-based methods are used. The success rate of the speaker-identifying system obtained in the presented experiments for individually uttered words is excellent and has reached about 98.8% in some cases. The miss rate of about 1.2% was almost only because of false acceptance (13 miss cases in 1100 tested voices). These results have promisingly led to the design of a security system for SAS identification. The average overall success rate was then 97.45% in recognizing one uttered word and identifying its speaker, and 92.5% in recognizing a three-digit password (three individual words), which is really a high success rate because, for compound cases, we should successfully test all the three uttered words consecutively in addition to and after identifying their speaker; hence, the probability of making an error is basically higher. The authors' major contribution to this task involves building a system to recognize both the uttered words and their speaker through an innovative graphical algorithm for feature extraction from the voice signal. This Töeplitz-based algorithm reduces the amount of computations from operations on an $n times n$ matrix that contains $n^{2}$ different elements to a matrix (of Töeplitz form) that contains only $n$ elements that are diffe- rent from each other.
23. Seiichiro Katsura, Kouhei Ohnishi, Kiyoshi Ohishi, "Transmission of Force Sensation by Environment Quarrier Based on Multilateral Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 898-906, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In recent years, realization of a haptic system has been strongly desired in the fields of medical treatment and expert's skill acquisition. The bandwidth of force sensing and friction compensation are very important problems for reproduction of vivid force sensation. In this paper, an environment quarrier is proposed for bilateral teleoperation instead of force sensors. The environment quarrier is a novel force-sensing method that consists of a twin robot system. Two of the same type of robot are required and they are controlled in the same position, velocity, and acceleration by bilateral acceleration control based on a disturbance observer. One robot is in contact motion and the other is unconstrained. The purity of external force is obtained by subtracting the disturbance torque in the unconstrained robot from the constrained one. The environment quarrier can observe the external force with high bandwidth and friction compensation. In this paper, the idea of multilateral control is introduced for attainment of simultaneity. Furthermore, this paper shows the controller design of the multilateral control in the modal space. The experimental results show the viability of the proposed method.
24. Tomoyuki Shimono, Seiichiro Katsura, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Abstraction and Reproduction of Force Sensation From Real Environment by Bilateral Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 907-918, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In recent years, the skill preservation of an expert has been a serious problem in various fields. If digital skill preservation like a haptic database is attained, it may become an innovative solution of this problem. This paper proposes abstraction and reproduction methods on bilateral control of force sensation from the real environment and reconstruction of the real environment as well. In the abstraction mode, which is based on bilateral control with disturbance observer, “the law of action and reaction” is attained. Later, the environmental dynamical information is estimated and obtained. In the reconstruction mode, an environmental model is reconstructed based on the obtained data from the real environment. Then, in the reproduction mode, the operator would feel the force sensation from the obtained environmental model as if from the real environment. As a result, the proposed system is able to store the bilateral force sensation to a force sensation recorder. In this paper, some environmental models for the reproduction of vivid force sensation are compared experimentally. Finally, the viability of the proposed methods is shown by the experimental results.
25. Bin Lu, Xin Wu, Hernan Figueroa, Antonello Monti, "A Low-Cost Real-Time Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing Approach of Power Electronics Controls," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 919-931, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is increasingly recognized as an effective approach in the design of power electronics controls. A high-performance real-time simulation environment is necessary to obtain high-fidelity results in HIL simulations. This paper presents the detailed implementation of a very-low-cost multisolver hard real-time simulation environment, namely the real-time extension of the virtual test bed (VTB-RT). VTB-RT is implemented completely from open-source software and off-the-shelf hardware. Using VTB-RT, this paper proposes an efficient real-time HIL testing approach for control designs in power electronics applications. VTB-RT enables the natural coupling between the simulation environment and the hardware under test and, thus, makes virtual power exchange in HIL simulation possible. For validation purposes, the proposed real-time HIL testing approach is applied in two well-known power electronics application examples, namely a boost converter and an H-bridge inverter with their respective control systems, representing a very-low-cost and a relatively advanced hardware setup, respectively. The consistency of the experimental results with the theoretical results proves the applicability of VTB-RT and the proposed testing approach. Finally, the most recent research progresses in VTB-RT are summarized.
26. Annette Muetze, Andreas Binder, "Calculation of Circulating Bearing Currents in Machines of Inverter-Based Drive Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 932-938, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The high-frequency circulating bearing current that may occur in machines of inverter-based drive systems can be described by an eddy-current model. The parameters of an equivalent circuit are derived from the model. The ratio between bearing current and common-mode current amplitudes for different machines is calculated. The theoretical maximum ratio is about 0.35. Copper loops applied for bearing current measurement may decrease the circulating bearing currents up to almost 40%.
27. Domenico Casadei, Jon Clare, Lee Empringham, Giovanni Serra, Angelo Tani, Andrew Trentin, Patrick Wheeler, Luca Zarri, "Large-Signal Model for the Stability Analysis of Matrix Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 939-950, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The interest in using the matrix converter (MC) for motor drive applications and energy conversion systems is steadily increasing due to its main advantage of performing a direct coupling between two three-phase alternating current sources without the need of an intermediate direct current bus. This characteristic, together with the presence of inductance–capacitance input filters and the feedforward compensation of the input voltage variations, might yield unstable operation in electrical drives. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of MCs based on a large-signal model is presented with the aim to show which parameters may affect the stability and to explain the reason of this phenomenon. The theoretical analysis is supported by several experimental tests carried out on an MC prototype.
28. Ying Li, V. Venkataramanan, Guoxiao Guo, Youyi Wang, "Dynamic Nonlinear Control for Fast Seek-Settling Performance in Hard Disk Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 951-962, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes a dynamic nonlinear control scheme to improve the seek-settling performance in hard disk drive servo system by a combination of a novel designed reference generator and a nonlinear feedback controller. The feedback controller consists of a linear one for short rise time and an associated nonlinear one for small overshoot. In order to improve the settling performance and system stability due to actuator saturation, reference trajectory is designed based on the performance of feedback loop so that the position error signal in the tracking stage is decreased greatly, which effectively avoids the actuator saturation with a high gain feedback control design. A parameterized second-order system is proposed to generate such desired reference trajectory. The stability of the proposed control scheme is proved through appropriate Lyapunov functions. The results in simulation and implementation show that the proposed control design performs better as compared with linear and optimal control laws for both short and long tracking lengths.
29. Cursino Brando Jacobina, Isaac Soares de Freitas, Edison Roberto Cabral da Silva, "Reduced-Switch-Count Six-Leg Converters for Three-Phase-to-Three-Phase/Four-Wire Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 963-973, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Two reduced-switch-count ac/ac dc-link six-leg converters are investigated in this paper. The proposed topologies allow for three-phase-to-three-phase power conversion to supply a three-phase four-wire load without any capacitor dc-link-midpoint connection. The converters provide bidirectional power flow and power-factor control. Pulsewidth modulation techniques are derived by using the concept of local and general apportioning factors. The overall control strategy for providing dc-link voltage and power-factor control is presented. A control strategy to obtain the maximum utilization of the dc-link voltage is also proposed. In addition, several relevant characteristics of the converter are addressed, such as voltage analysis, distorted and unbalanced voltages operation, shared-leg currents, power rating, and total harmonic distortion. The proposed converters are compared to six-leg converters that use the capacitor dc-link-midpoint connection and also to the full-bridge seven-leg converter. Experimental and simulated results are presented.
30. Hsiung Cheng Lin, "Fast Tracking of Time-Varying Power System Frequency and Harmonics Using Iterative-Loop Approaching Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 974-983, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: With the increasing use of power electronic devices in the past decade, the produced harmonic pollution to the power supply is aggravating power supply quality. The monitoring of the health state of a power network is therefore becoming an essential issue. Although conventional techniques like discrete Fourier transform or fast Fourier transform are still widely applied in industry, some limitations arise particularly under supply frequency drift and transient circumstances. The proposed iterative-loop approaching algorithm can respond to the supply frequency variation, the fundamental amplitude/phase variation, as well as the harmonics frequency amplitude/phase variation instantly and accurately. Furthermore, an abrupt change of fundamental frequency and amplitude can also be traced properly and promptly. Numerical examples supporting the performance of the proposed algorithm are presented.
31. Rajesh Ghosh, G. Narayanan, "Generalized Feedforward Control of Single-Phase PWM Rectifiers Using Disturbance Observers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 984-993, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a generalized feedforward control scheme for a single-phase boost rectifier, operating with indirect current control, to improve the dynamic response of its output voltage against line and load disturbances, as well as for changes in the reference voltage. Digital implementation of the control method is discussed. A small-signal model of the converter system is presented. The stability of the current loop at light loads is studied. A method is presented to estimate the input voltage and the load current without having to actually measure these quantities for the purpose of feedforward control. Simulation and experimental results are presented.
32. Josep M. Guerrero, Jos Matas, Luis Garcia de Vicuna, Miguel Castilla, Jaume Miret, "Decentralized Control for Parallel Operation of Distributed Generation Inverters Using Resistive Output Impedance," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 994-1004, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a novel wireless load-sharing controller for islanding parallel inverters in an ac-distributed system is proposed. This paper explores the resistive output impedance of the parallel-connected inverters in an island microgrid. The control loops are devised and analyzed, taking into account the special nature of a low-voltage microgrid, in which the line impedance is mainly resistive and the distance between the inverters makes the control intercommunication between them difficult. In contrast with the conventional droop-control method, the proposed controller uses resistive output impedance, and as a result, a different control law is obtained. The controller is implemented by using a digital signal processor board, which only uses local measurements of the unit, thus increasing the modularity, reliability, and flexibility of the distributed system. Experimental results are provided from two 6-kVA inverters connected in parallel, showing the features of the proposed wireless control.
33. Matti Karppanen, Teuvo Suntio, Mika Sippola, "Dynamical Characterization of Input-Voltage-Feedforward-Controlled Buck Converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1005-1013, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The use of input-voltage-feedforward (IVFF) control has become a popular method to implement a low-cost bus converter in the telecommunications distributed power architectures because the IVFF control can provide adequate output-voltage accuracy in respect to the variations in the input voltage even at open loop, when applied to a buck converter. The method in itself is well known from the 1980s, but the dynamical features that the method would provide have not been fully investigated and reported. The results of the investigations made in this paper show that the IVFF control would provide input-noise attenuation comparable to the peak-current-mode control, voltage-loop gain largely independent of input voltage, and highly reduced input-filter interactions as compared to the voltage-mode control. The main disadvantage is the reduced output-voltage-load-transient response due to the input-voltage-dependent maximum duty ratio. The observations are supported with comprehensive experimental measurements.
34. Tian Xia, Hao Zheng, "Timing Jitter Characterization for Mixed-Signal Production Test Using the Interpolation Algorithm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1014-1023, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, a jitter measurement circuit for mixed-signal production test based on the interpolation algorithm is presented. By utilizing the limited sampling points per cycle, the original signal under test is reconstructed with a high accuracy. From the reconstructed signal, most timing jitter features can be characterized. To validate the design effectiveness, comparative studies have been performed between this jitter measurement method and other standard jitter characterization instruments.
35. Chang-Hua Lin, Ying Lu, Huang-Jen Chiu, Chung-Lun Ou, "Eliminating the Temperature Effect of Piezoelectric Transformer in Backlight Electronic Ballast by Applying the Digital Phase-Locked-Loop Technique," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1024-1031, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A new controller for eliminating the temperature effect of a piezoelectric transformer (PT) in a backlight electronic ballast is proposed in this paper. First, a class-D backlight inverter is employed to simplify the circuit configuration and to raise system efficiency. Next, to reduce the dimensions of the backlight module for satisfying the thin-shaped design trend and to overcome the drawbacks of a conventional transformer, a PT is incorporated instead. Then, a digital phase-locked-loop (DPLL) controller is embedded into the backlight system as a feedback control mechanism to track the optimal operating frequency of the PT, so that the PT's temperature effect is removed; hence, system efficiency and stability is improved. The design considerations are detailed, and the experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed control strategy.
36. Ming-Chih Chien, An-Chyau Huang, "Adaptive Control for Flexible-Joint Electrically Driven Robot With Time-Varying Uncertainties," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1032-1038, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Almost all present control strategies for electrically driven robots are under the rigid robot assumption. Few results can be found for the control of electrically driven robots with joint flexibility. This is because the presence of the joint flexibility greatly increases the complexity of the system dynamics. What is worse is when some system dynamics are not available and a good performance controller is required. In this paper, an adaptive design is proposed to this challenging problem. A backstepping-like procedure incorporating the model reference adaptive control is employed to circumvent the difficulty introduced by its cascade structure and various uncertainties. A Lyapunov-like analysis is used to justify the closed-loop stability and boundedness of internal signals. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed scheme.
37. Guoyang Cheng, Kemao Peng, Ben M. Chen, Tong H. Lee, "Improving Transient Performance in Tracking General References Using Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control and Its Application to High-Speed $XY$-Table Positioning Mechanism," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1039-1051, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: We adopt in this paper the newly developed composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control method to track general target references for systems with input saturation. The original formulation of the CNF control technique is only applicable to set-point tracking, in which the target reference is set to be a constant. In this paper, a reference generator, which is able to produce more general reference signals such as sinusoidal and other waves, will be proposed to supplement the CNF control technique to yield a good performance. The resulting control law comprises the reference generator and a modified CNF control law, which is proven to be capable of tracking a target reference with fast settling time and minimal overshoot. Simulation and experimental results on an $XY$-table show that the proposed technique gives a very satisfactory performance.
38. Reza Hoseinnezhad, Alireza Bab-Hadiashar, Peter Harding, "Calibration of Resolver Sensors in Electromechanical Braking Systems: A Modified Recursive Weighted Least-Squares Approach," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1052-1060, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Resolver sensors are utilized as absolute position transducers to control the position and speed of actuators in many industrial applications. The accuracy and convergence of the position and speed measurements provided by resolvers in electromechanical braking system (EMB) designs directly contribute to the braking performance and vehicle safety. In practice, the dc drifts, amplitudes, and phase shift of the resolver signals vary with aging and temperature, and adaptive techniques are required for the calibration of these parameters of resolvers. Existing classical adaptive techniques such as recursive least squares are unable to track the parameters during resting (low-speed actuation or stationary) periods and also a transient period after them. This paper proposes a new approach for real-time tracking of resolver parameters specially developed for actuator-control applications with varying speed and long resting periods. We formulate the algebraic relationship between the resolver parameters and the parameters of resolver characteristic ellipse, which is the ellipse formed by plotting the resolver signals versus each other. Having known the characteristic ellipse parameters, the resolver parameters are calculated using the formulated algebraic relation. Then, a new recursive and adaptive estimator is proposed to track the parameters of characteristic ellipse. The low computational complexity of the proposed method makes it desirable for real-time applications like the EMBs, where limited computational power and memory are available. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is able to track the resolver parameters and the accurate actuator position with a small error in real-time, while other adaptive estimators are unable to track the resolver parameters during and after resting periods.
39. Fuxin Liu, Xinbo Ruan, "ZVS Combined Three-Level Converter—A Topology Suitable for High Input Voltage With Wide Range Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1061-1072, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A novel zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) combined three-level (TL) converter is proposed in this paper. It is essentially a hybrid combination of a half-bridge TL section and a full-bridge section. The main advantages of the proposed converter are given as follows: the voltage stress of all the switches is ensured to be only half of the input voltage; the secondary rectified voltage is very close to the output voltage, so the high-frequency content is very low, leading to a reduced output filter requirement; the voltage stress of the rectifier diodes is also reduced; and the switches can achieve ZVS with the use of the leakage inductances of the transformers and the intrinsic capacitors of the switches. This paper describes the operating principles and design procedures for the proposed converter. Experimental results from a 1080 W prototype converter operating at 100 kHz are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the performance of the proposed converter.
40. Pablo Correa, Mario Pacas, Jos Rodriguez, "Predictive Torque Control for Inverter-Fed Induction Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1073-1079, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a predictive control scheme that is suitable for the torque and flux control of multilevel inverter-fed induction machines. The control strategy combines the use of a proportional–integral controller to obtain good steady-state behavior and a predictive controller to achieve fast dynamic torque response. In this way, torque and stator flux references can be reached within one sample period. With the use of multilevel space phasor modulation, low torque and flux ripple are possible with fixed sample rate. Experimental and simulation results are presented in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
41. Timothy M. O'Sullivan, Christopher M. Bingham, Nigel Schofield, "Observer-Based Tuning of Two-Inertia Servo-Drive Systems With Integrated SAW Torque Transducers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1080-1091, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper proposes controller design and tuning methodologies that facilitate the rejection of periodic load-side disturbances applied to a torsional mechanical system while simultaneously compensating for the observer's inherent phase delay. This facilitates the use of lower-bandwidth practically realizable disturbance observers. The merits of implementing full- and reduced-order observers are investigated, with the latter being implemented with a new low-cost servo-machine-integrated high-bandwidth torque-sensing device based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. Specifically, the authors' previous work based on proportional–integral–derivative (PID) and resonance ratio control (RRC) controllers (IEEE IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1226–1237, Aug. 2006) is augmented with observer disturbance feedback. It is shown that higher-bandwidth disturbance observers are required to maximize disturbance attenuation over the low-frequency band (as well as the desired rejection frequency), thereby attenuating a wide range of possible frequencies. In such cases, therefore, it is shown that the RRC controller is the preferred solution since it can employ significantly higher observer bandwidth, when compared to PID counterparts, by virtue of reduced noise sensitivity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the prototype servo-machine-integrated 20-$hbox{N}cdot hbox{m}$ SAW torque transducer is not unduly affected by machine-generated electromagnetic noise and exhibits similar dynamic behavior as a conventional instrument inline torque transducer.
42. Cassiano Rech, Jos Renes Pinheiro, "Hybrid Multilevel Converters: Unified Analysis and Design Considerations," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1092-1104, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The concept of hybrid multilevel converters has been generalized for different arrangements of direct-current voltage levels, modulation strategies, topologies of series-connected cells, and/or semiconductor technologies to optimize the power processing of the overall system. Therefore, a given number of levels can be synthesized by several multilevel configurations, significantly increasing flexibility and complexity in the design of hybrid multilevel converters. However, a generalized design methodology to define the main parameters of these topologies for distinct design criteria has not yet been presented. To overcome this lack, this paper presents a comparative analysis among various hybrid multilevel topologies, and it proposes some design considerations for distinct applications. Consequently, this paper constitutes a useful basis for defining an adequate hybrid arrangement for any application.
43. Eri Sato, Toru Yamaguchi, Fumio Harashima, "Natural Interface Using Pointing Behavior for Human–Robot Gestural Interaction," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1105-1112, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, we focus on using pointing behavior for a natural interface. Recently, robots that fit into the human community have been needed. A gestural interface is important for use with these robots. Gestural recognition has already been studied for use in a human–machine interface. We investigated to find a system that recognizes users' intentions by using their gestural information in particular situations. Therefore, we constructed a system based on interpersonal communication that uses pointing gestures as information. Our aim is not to calculate accurately the point indicated by a user. The system recognizes objects or the pointing direction and decides its own action by automatically considering context. In addition, we report three experiments with this pointing behavior. In the first experiment, a user instructed the robot to follow a specified route. In the second, the user moved a robot or an object by using a virtual room interface. In the third, the user pointed out a specific parking space in which the system was to park a car.
44. Yuichi Matsumoto, Seiichiro Katsura, Kouhei Ohnishi, "Dexterous Manipulation in Constrained Bilateral Teleoperation Using Controlled Supporting Point," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1113-1121, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The use of robotic devices in surgical applications has been growing in recent years. Surgical robots are beginning to find applications in minimally invasive surgeries. The control issues pertaining to many of the applications of robotics to surgery are similar. In all cases, the ability to accommodate unique special-purpose mechanical designs is important, as is the ability to restrict the motions of the end-effector. Conventionally, motion constraint is attained by mechanical constraint equipments, such as bearing, linear guide, and so on. In this paper, robot motion control with a controlled supporting point (CSP) for operator aid is proposed. The method is to make the constraint without setting mechanical constraints. The merits of the proposed method are not only the simplification of mechanical equipments but also the deletion of friction at the constraint. It is easy to set the CSP at the position where the setting of mechanical supporting points is difficult. Furthermore, it is also possible to change the CSP online. This method is especially effective for the object whose position of surface is always changing. The proposed method is applied to six-degrees-of-freedom manipulators. The numerical and experimental results show the viability of the proposed method.
45. Mihoko Niitsuma, Hiroshi Hashimoto, Hideki Hashimoto, "Spatial Memory as an Aid System for Human Activity in Intelligent Space," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1122-1131, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents the spatial memory that aids human activities in a working environment. The spatial memory enables humans to store computerized information into the real world by assigning a 3-D position as the memory address. By storing computerized information into the real world, users can manipulate the information in similar ways as physical objects. Consequently, we can retrieve stored knowledge by indicating the point using our own arms, which we name “human indicator.” This paper shows a prototype of the spatial memory system, which has potential to enhance desk work. The implemented system is evaluated through two types of experiments by using human subjects. Experimental results verify the efficiency and the effectiveness of our spatial memory framework based on a statistical test.
46. Guoyang Cheng, Kemao Peng, "Robust Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control With Application to a Servo Positioning System," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1132-1140, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A new robust composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control method is proposed to achieve fast and accurate set-point tracking for linear systems subject to input saturation and disturbances. The basic idea is to incorporate disturbance estimation and compensation into the framework of the original CNF control so as to eliminate the steady-state bias due to disturbances and retain the fast transient performance of the original CNF control. There is no additional integration action introduced in the new method, which is in contrast with the previous work, i.e., the enhanced CNF control. The new method is applied to design a control law for a dc servomotor positioning system. Simulation and experimental results show that the new method can achieve better transient performance and steady-state accuracy in set-point tracking and is more robust to amplitude variations of disturbance/set point compared to integration-based control.
47. Pietro Adduci, Edoardo Botti, Enrico Dallago, Giuseppe Venchi, "PWM Power Audio Amplifier With Voltage/Current Mixed Feedback for High-Efficiency Speakers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1141-1149, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: High-efficiency speakers significantly improve electrical to sound power conversion efficiency by reducing the power dissipation over the speaker coil. However, they require some equalization of the input signal. In this paper, a new driving technique based on a pulsewidth-modulation switching amplifier is presented. This exploits a double voltage/current feedback to obtain automatic equalization. Furthermore, the double feedback allows the output resonant filter to be included in the feedback path, compensating for its nonlinearity. Finally, the mixed feedback acts as intrinsic current limiter. Both theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate that this system is feasible. The results were also confirmed by measurements using a prototype.
48. Hirotaka Koizumi, Kosuke Kurokawa, "Analysis of the Class DE Inverter With Thinned-Out Driving Patterns," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1150-1160, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This paper presents a numerical analysis for the Class DE inverter with eliminated driving pulses. The harmonics, low-frequency components, and power conversion efficiency are calculated and shown. The Class DE inverter is one of the high-frequency high-efficiency resonant power sources that has the hybrid features of Class D and Class E circuits. To regulate the output power while maintaining high efficiency, various methods have been proposed. Thinned-out method is one of them, which regulates the output power by eliminating the driving pulses. The principle is quite simple and is seen suitable for digital control. However, the harmonics, low-frequency components, and discontinuous regulation have been pointed out. An aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristic of the Class DE inverter with thinned-out driving patterns. Basic models with three different $Q$-factors of 5, 10, and 20 are designed, built, tested, and analyzed. In a series of 16 cycles of switching pulses, 1–15 cycles are eliminated. The calculated waveforms show good agreement with circuit experiments. Various waveforms, harmonics, total harmonic distortion, low-frequency components, their total, and harmonics of the lowest frequency component are calculated and discussed.
49. Roberto Morales-Caporal, Mario Pacas, "A Predictive Torque Control for the Synchronous Reluctance Machine Taking Into Account the Magnetic Cross Saturation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1161-1167, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A predictive torque and flux control algorithm for the synchronous reluctance machine is presented in this paper. The algorithm realizes a voltage space phasor preselection, followed by the computation of the switching instants for the optimum switching space phasor, with the advantages of inherently constant switching frequency and time equidistant implementation on a DSP-based system. The criteria on how to choose the appropriate voltage space phasor depend on the state of the machine and the deviations of torque and flux at the end of the cycle. In order to obtain an appropriate model of the machine, it has been developed on a $d{-}q$ frame of coordinates attached to the rotor and takes into account the magnetic saturation in both $d{-}q$ axes and the cross-saturation phenomenon between both axes. Therefore, high-performance torque control is achieved, and the torque ripple is reduced. Simulated and experimental results using a DSP/field-programmable-gate-array-based control and a commercially available machine show the validity of the proposed control scheme.
50. Nobuyoshi Mutoh, Yuichi Hayano, Hiromichi Yahagi, Kazuya Takita, "Electric Braking Control Methods for Electric Vehicles With Independently Driven Front and Rear Wheels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1168-1176, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: For electric vehicles (EVs), the most important issue is safety when driving and braking operations are performed. EVs with a structure that can drive the front and rear wheels independently have been proposed by the authors, and they are being studied as the next ECO vehicles. The basic fail–safe function has already been verified through simulations and experiments to provide stable driving without any sudden stops even when the elements constituting the driving systems fail. Then, methods to control phenomena occurring at the time of braking, which are uncontrollable only by driver's pedal operations, i.e., wheel lock, slip, and aggravation of the riding comfort, are studied here based on a prototype EV with a function that can distribute the braking torque to the front and rear wheels according to driving conditions. As a result, electric braking control methods using the estimated vehicle speed, acceleration, and load movement are proposed that can prevent vehicles from experiencing wheel lock and slip phenomena and can improve the riding comfort regardless of a driver's braking pedal operations. Effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified through experiments using the prototype EV.
51. Jos G. Pinto, Vtor Carvalho, Joo L. Monteiro, Rosa M. Vasconcelos, Filomena O. Soares, "Yarn-Mass Measurement With 1-mm-Length Samples," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1177-1183, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In textile production, measurement of yarn mass in the 1-mm range is of utmost importance to properly evaluate evenness, as several irregularities occur in 1–4-mm yarn length. Direct measurements in the 1-mm range are not available in commercial equipment. One of the most common, from Uster, is based on yarn samples of 8 mm. This paper presents a direct mass measurement in the 1-mm range system based on parallel capacitive sensors and signal-processing techniques for detection of periodical errors. Results point out that evaluation of yarn mass, with this approach, is feasible in the 1-mm range, allowing online measurement (1-mm yarn mass) in a spinning frame for real-time control. Despite low signal-to-noise ratio, it is possible to measure small variations of yarn mass (typical capacity variation of $2.08 times 10^{-17} hbox{F}$ for 57 tex—0.057 g/m of yarn). As a spin-off of this project, a new low-cost control system is being prepared for detection of yarn break and bobbin end in knitting flat machines. Online quality classification is also feasible with the developed system.
52. Yoshiharu Maeno, Yukio Ohsawa, "Human–Computer Interactive Annealing for Discovering Invisible Dark Events," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1184-1192, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Experts of chance discovery have recognized a new class of problems where the previous methods fail to visualize a latent structure behind observation. There are invisible events that play an important role in the dynamics of visible events. An invisible leader in a communication network is a typical example. Such an event is named a dark event. A novel technique has been proposed to understand a dark event and to extend the process of chance discovery. This paper presents a new method named “human–computer interactive annealing” for revealing latent structures along with the algorithm for discovering dark events. Demonstration using test data generated from a scale-free network shows that the precision regarding the algorithm ranges from 80% to 90%. An experiment on discovering an invisible leader under an online collective decision-making circumstance is successful.
53. Krzysztof Szabat, Teresa Orlowska-Kowalska, "Vibration Suppression in a Two-Mass Drive System Using PI Speed Controller and Additional Feedbacks—Comparative Study," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1193-1206, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this paper, an analysis of control structures for the electrical drive system with elastic joint is carried out. The synthesis of the control structure with proportional–integral controller supported by different additional feedbacks is presented. The classical pole-placement method is applied. Analytical equations, which allow for calculating the control structure parameters, are given. The limitation of the design due to the number of degrees of freedom of the considered drive systems is shown. In order to damp the torsional vibration effectively, the application of the feedback from one selected state variable is necessary. In the literature, a large number of possible feedbacks have been reported. However, in this paper, it is shown that all systems with one additional feedback can be divided into three different groups, according to their dynamical characteristics. In addition, the system with two additional feedbacks is investigated. The comparison between considered structures is carried out. The simulation results are confirmed experimentally in the laboratory setup.
54. Jos M. Quero, Carmen Aracil, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Jordi Ricart, Pablo R. Ortega, Manuel Dominguez, Luis M. Castaner, Rafael Osuna, "Tracking Control System Using an Incident Radiation Angle Microsensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1207-1216, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: For some industrial applications, an accurate estimation of a light source position is needed. That is the case for a heliostat, a device that projects sunlight onto a focus hundreds of meters away from its aiming point. In this paper, we present a novel sensor design for generating an alignment error signal. Included is a detailed study of its response, which shows that certain geometrical design parameters are necessary to achieve desired accuracy. This sensor has been implemented using microelectromechanical system techniques to achieve a robust structure at low cost and it has been successfully applied to sun-tracking systems. Experimental results obtained in field tests are included.
55. Michael G. Egan, Dara L. O'Sullivan, John G. Hayes, Michael J. Willers, Christopher P. Henze, "Power-Factor-Corrected Single-Stage Inductive Charger for Electric Vehicle Batteries," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1217-1226, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: A novel power-factor-corrected single-stage alternating current/direct current converter for inductive charging of electric vehicle batteries is introduced. The resonant converter uses the current-source characteristic of the series–parallel topology to provide power-factor correction over a wide output power range from zero to full load. Some design guidelines for this converter are outlined. An approximate small-signal model of the converter is also presented. Experimental results verify the operation of the new converter.
56. Li Huijun, Song Aiguo, "Virtual-Environment Modeling and Correction for Force-Reflecting Teleoperation With Time Delay," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1227-1233, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Virtual environment (VE) is an effective method to deal with time delay in teleoperation, but it depends heavily on the accuracy of the virtual model. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to create and verify geometric and dynamic model of the remote physical environment. The geometric errors of the virtual model are corrected by overlaying the graphics over video images and also by fusing the position and force information from the remote. A sliding-average least-square algorithm is proposed to identify dynamic parameters of the remote environment, and the corresponding virtual-model parameters are updated online to keep equal to the real environment. The VE-based teleoperation system developed in our laboratory is described. Experimental results show that the relative errors of forces provided by the corrected VE are 2.82%, 2.22%, and 2.60%, respectively, with time delay of 5, 10, and 15 s. Results indicate that VE built by this method can provide the operator with appropriate predictive virtual forces with a certain time delay.
57. Fumio Harashima, Kazuo Tanie, Toru Yamaguchi, "Guest Editorial [special section on humatronics]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1234-1236, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: The 12 papers in this special section are devoted to humatronics, which describes the electronics used to balance the asymmetry of the relationship between human and systems. Some of the topics covered include: the physical interaction between human and system/environment; the modalities used by a robot to recognize/understand humans; a method for sharing multiple persons' behaviors for intelligent support; vehicle control; and the interaction between human and computer from the viewpoint of chance discovery.
58. Grzegorz Iwanski, Wlodzimierz Koczara, "Sensorless Direct Voltage Control of the Stand-Alone Slip-Ring Induction Generator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1237-1239, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In this letter, a stand-alone power system with doubly fed induction generator is described. Direct voltage control based on the stator voltage vector, represented in rotating polar frame, does not need any feedback from the rotor speed or position. Using positive- and negative-sequence components, an unbalanced load can be supplied.
59. Jerzy Tadeusz Matysik, "The Current and Voltage Phase Shift Regulation in Resonant Converters With Integration Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1240-1242, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: This letter presents an application of the phase controller which allows a regulation of current and voltage phase shift in resonant circuit with nonperiodic voltage waveform. The phase controller has been implemented using the voltage-controlled oscillator generator operating with double resonant frequency, creation of additional auxiliary voltage signal, and phase-locked loop. The results of computer simulations and laboratory experiments show that the proposed phase controller allows a simple and efficient phase shift regulation for all known systems of integration control with a continuous and discontinuous resonant current flow.
60. Lennart Harnefors, "Globally Stable Speed-Adaptive Observers for Sensorless Induction Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1243-1245, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: All proofs of global stability attempted so far have failed. Hence, it is doubtful that such observers exist.
61. Kleanthis Thramboulidis, "Comments on “A Methodology for the Development of Distributed Real-Time Control Applications With Focus on Task Allocation in Heterogeneous Systems”," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1245-1248, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: In the paper by Prayati (IEEE IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1194–1207, Dec. 2004), the authors claim that a design methodology for the development of distributed control applications with focus on task allocation in heterogeneous systems has been defined and that an algorithm was developed for the allocation of the application's components to the system's devices. They also present a case study to highlight the presented approach. In this letter, it is argued that the number of errors, obscurenesses, and inconsistencies that exist in the described approach, i.e., the methodology and algorithm, raises many questions about the effectiveness of the methodology and the correctness of the algorithm as well as their application in the presented example.
62. "IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Information," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C3-C3, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Not Available
63. "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics information for authors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. C4-C4, Apr. 2007. Full Text Link
Abstract: Not Available