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FPGAs USED IN INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. J. J. Rodriguez-Andina, M. J. Moure, M. D. Valdes, "Features, Design Tools, and Application Domains of FPGAs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1810-1823, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In the past two decades, advances in programmable device technologies, in both the hardware and software arenas, have been extraordinary. The original application of rapid prototyping has been complemented with a large number of new applications that take advantage of the excellent characteristics of the latest devices. High speed, very large number of components, large number of supported protocols, and the addition of ready-to-use intellectual property cores make programmable devices the preferred choice of implementation and even deployment in mass production quantities. This paper surveys the advanced features, design tools, and application domains for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The main characteristics and structure of modern FPGAs are first described to show their versatility and abundance of available design resources. Software resources are also discussed, as they are the main enablers for the efficient exploitation of the design capabilities of these devices. Current application domains are described, such as configurable computing, dynamically reconfigurable systems, rapid system prototyping, communication processors and interfaces, and signal processing. This paper also presents the authors' prospective view of how FPGAs will evolve to enter new application domains in the future.
2. E. Monmasson, M. N. Cirstea, "FPGA Design Methodology for Industrial Control Systems—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1824-1842, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper reviews the state of the art of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design methodologies with a focus on industrial control system applications. This paper starts with an overview of FPGA technology development, followed by a presentation of design methodologies, development tools and relevant CAD environments, including the use of portable hardware description languages and system level programming/design tools. They enable a holistic functional approach with the major advantage of setting up a unique modeling and evaluation environment for complete industrial electronics systems. Three main design rules are then presented. These are algorithm refinement, modularity, and systematic search for the best compromise between the control performance and the architectural constraints. An overview of contributions and limits of FPGAs is also given, followed by a short survey of FPGA-based intelligent controllers for modern industrial systems. Finally, two complete and timely case studies are presented to illustrate the benefits of an FPGA implementation when using the proposed system modeling and design methodology. These consist of the direct torque control for induction motor drives and the control of a diesel-driven synchronous stand-alone generator with the help of fuzzy logic.
3. J. Acero, D. Navarro, L. A. Barragan, I. Garde, J. I. Artigas, J. M. Burdio, "FPGA-Based Power Measuring for Induction Heating Appliances Using Sigma–Delta A/D Conversion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1843-1852, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper presents a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a digital circuit that measures in real time the output power of medium-frequency (25–50 kHz) induction-heated cooking appliances. The voltage and current are sensed using first-order sigma–delta ($SigmaDelta$) analog-to-digital converters. The power-measuring algorithm is very simple while maintaining good accuracy. The algorithm is developed using a hardware description language (VHDL). The digital circuit, the power converter, the signal conditioning circuits, and the $SigmaDelta$ modulators are simulated all together using a mixed-signal (analog $+$ digital) simulation tool. The algorithm error is obtained in simulation computing the average power using VHDL-Analog and Mixed-Signal Extension Language (VHDL-AMS), and the influence of different parameters is analyzed. Finally, the digital circuit is implemented in the FPGA, and the simulations are experimentally verified.
4. M. N. Cirstea, A. Dinu, "A VHDL Holistic Modeling Approach and FPGA Implementation of a Digital Sensorless Induction Motor Control Scheme," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1853-1864, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper presents a sensorless neural-network-based induction motor control scheme, developed by following a holistic approach to electronic system modeling and controller design. The method uses Very-high-speed integrated circuits Hardware Description Language (VHDL), allowing the engineering system's functional description to be combined with a detailed digital controller design, which is then implemented into a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The VHDL description of the hardware-implemented neural networks is automatically generated by C++ programs, in an adaptable architecture, appropriate to low-dynamic systems such as fans and pumps. The complete system performance is investigated by simulation and validated experimentally. This approach provides advantages such as a unique modeling and evaluation environment for complete power electronic systems, the same environment is used for the digital controller design and compact FPGA rapid prototyping, fast design development, short time to market, a CAD platform independent model, and reusability of the model/design.
5. A.-M. Lienhardt, G. Gateau, T. A. Meynard, "Digital Sliding-Mode Observer Implementation Using FPGA," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1865-1875, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper details the digital implementation of a new observation strategy of the flying capacitor voltages dedicated to stacked multicell converters (SMC). This particular topology relies on the use of flying capacitors so as to equally share the voltage constraint on several semiconductors and increase the number of output levels. However, the SMC appropriate operation is guaranteed by the stability of the flying capacitor voltage levels, and the current flow creates variations of those quantities. The idea is therefore to develop an accurate estimation technique that avoids the utilization of differential sensors and allows the active control of the intermediate voltages. The observation has to meet several criteria. It must particularly reproduce in a quasi-analog way the dynamic of those quantities to enable the proper operation of the active control algorithm. The actual research scope thus focuses on the sliding mode observation of the flying capacitor voltages by means of phase current measurements. This paper summarizes the observer design, its digitizing, and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation. It also presents an interesting Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL)-Saber Cosimulation tool that allows validating the VHDL code before being downloaded in the FPGA of the physical system. The last section illustrates and emphasizes the performance and ruggedness of the implemented algorithm through promising experimental results.
6. E. Ishii, H. Nishi, K. Ohnishi, "Improvement of Performances in Bilateral Teleoperation by Using FPGA," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1876-1884, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Bilateral teleoperation has been needed in many areas, such as space activities, work on an atomic power plant, minimally invasive surgery, etc. In bilateral teleoperation, transfer of keen tactile sense, which is as if the operator directly touches the environment, is required. Sensing of wide-frequency-bandwidth force information is required in achieving the transferring of a keen tactile sensation. A bilateral controller based on acceleration control with disturbance observers is available to achieve transfer of a keen tactile sensation. In this bilateral controller, the frequency bandwidth of sensed force is determined by the cutoff frequency of a low-pass filter used in the disturbance observer. The cutoff frequency is in inverse proportion to a sampling period. Therefore, shortening of the sampling period improves performance of bilateral teleoperation. In this paper, a bilateral-teleoperation system using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is introduced. The FPGA is an large scale integration where a user can design its internal logic. When the motion controller is implemented on an FPGA, it operates faster than that implemented in a personal computer with a real-time operating system. The sampling period is shortened from 100 to 10 $muhbox{s}$ by using an FPGA. The implemented controller is evaluated by experiments.
7. J. Qin, C. Stroud, F. F. Dai, "FPGA-Based Analog Functional Measurements for Adaptive Control in Mixed-Signal Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1885-1897, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: A field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA)-based built-in self-test (BIST) approach that is used for adaptive control in mixed-signal systems is presented. It provides the capability to perform accurate analog functional measurements of critical parameters such as the third-order intercept point, frequency amplitude and phase responses, and noise figure. The results of these measurements can then be used to adaptively control the analog circuitry for calibration and compensation. The BIST circuitry consists of a direct digital synthesizer-based test pattern generator and a multiplier/accumulator-based output response analyzer. The BIST approach has been implemented in an FPGA-based mixed-signal system and used for actual analog functional measurements. The BIST measurements agree quite well with the results obtained with the traditional analog test equipment. The proposed BIST circuitry provides a unique means for high-performance adaptive control in mixed-signal systems.
8. Y. F. Chan, M. Moallem, W. Wang, "Design and Implementation of Modular FPGA-Based PID Controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1898-1906, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, modular design of embedded feedback controllers using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology is studied. To this end, a novel distributed-arithmetic (DA)-based proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller algorithm is proposed and integrated into a digital feedback control system. The DA-based PID controller demonstrates 80% savings in hardware utilization and 40% savings in power consumption compared to the multiplier-based scheme. It also offers good closed-loop performance while using less resources, resulting in cost reduction, high speed, and low power consumption, which is desirable in embedded control applications. The complete digital control system is built using commercial FPGAs to demonstrate the efficiency. The design uses a modular approach, so that some modules can be reused in other applications. These reusable modules can be ported into Matlab/Simulink as Simulink blocks for hardware/software cosimulation or integrated into a larger design in the Matlab/Simulink environment to allow for rapid prototyping applications.
9. M.-W. Naouar, E. Monmasson, A. A. Naassani, I. Slama-Belkhodja, N. Patin, "FPGA-Based Current Controllers for AC Machine Drives—A Review," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1907-1925, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present the interest of implementing digital controllers using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) components. To this purpose, a variety of current control techniques, which is applied to alternating current machine drives, is designed and implemented. They consist of on –off current controllers, proportional–integral current controller, and predictive current controller. The quality of the regulated current is significantly improved. It is mainly due to a very important reduction of the execution time delay. Indeed, in all described techniques, the execution time of the designed hardware architectures is only a few microseconds. This time reduction derives directly from the possibility offered by FPGAs to design very powerful dedicated architectures. Numerous experimental results are given in order to illustrate the efficiency of FPGA-based solutions to achieve high-performance control of electrical systems.
10. Y.-A. Chapuis, L. Zhou, Y. Fukuta, Y. Mita, H. Fujita, "FPGA-Based Decentralized Control of Arrayed MEMS for Microrobotic Application," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1926-1936, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, the authors have developed and implemented a decentralized decision-making strategy using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology as a prototype for an integrated controller of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) array for air-flow planar micromanipulation. The MEMS array was proposed to be integrated in a hybrid multichip module containing the FPGA-based controller. Algorithms and architectures, used for the decentralized control implementation and the hardware resource optimization, are described. A charge-coupled device camera was used to make each MEMS like an autonomous system when the distributed MEMS chip was tested. Finally, under air-flow condition, the FPGA-based decentralized control system successfully performed an object manipulation.
11. S. Sanchez-Solano, A. J. Cabrera, I. Baturone, F. J. Moreno-Velo, M. Brox, "FPGA Implementation of Embedded Fuzzy Controllers for Robotic Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1937-1945, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Fuzzy-logic-based inference techniques provide efficient solutions for control problems in classical and emerging applications. However, the lack of specific design tools and systematic approaches for hardware implementation of complex fuzzy controllers limits the applicability of these techniques in modern microelectronics products. This paper discusses a design strategy that eases the implementation of embedded fuzzy controllers as systems on programmable chips. The development of the controllers is carried out by means of a reconfigurable platform based on field-programmable gate arrays. This platform combines specific hardware to implement fuzzy inference modules with a general-purpose processor, thus allowing the realization of hybrid hardware/software solutions. As happens to the components of the processing system, the specific fuzzy elements are conceived as configurable intellectual property modules in order to accelerate the controller design cycle. The design methodology and tool chain presented in this paper have been applied to the realization of a control system for solving the navigation tasks of an autonomous vehicle.
12. X. Lin-Shi, F. Morel, A. M. Llor, B. Allard, J.-M. Retif, "Implementation of Hybrid Control for Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1946-1952, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper presents the implementation of a hybrid-control strategy applied to a permanent-magnet synchronous-motor (PMSM) drive. Hybrid control is a general approach for control of a switching-based hybrid system (HS). This class of HS includes a continuous process controlled by a discrete controller with a finite number of states. In the case of ac motor drives, in contrast to conventional vector control like proportional–integral control or predictive control, where the inverter is not taken into account by the controller, hybrid control integrates the inverter model and considers the state of the inverter as a control variable. It allows to obtain faster torque dynamics than vector-control algorithms. The hybrid control algorithm requires both computing velocity for real-time implementation and code flexibility for management of low-performance functions and analog–digital interfaces. Codesign appears as a promising methodology for partitioning hybrid-control algorithm between software (flexible) and hardware (velocity) while taking care of overall time constrains. In this paper, the implementation of hybrid-control algorithm for a PMSM drive is performed through a codesign approach on an Excalibur board, embedding a CPU-core (Nios-2 by Altera) inside an APEX20KE200EFC484-2X field-programmable gate array. The partitioning of software and hardware parts is explained. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the implementation. Performances, advantages, and limitations are discussed.
13. C. B. Jacobina, I. S. de Freitas, A. M. N. Lima, "DC-Link Three-Phase-to-Three-Phase Four-Leg Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1953-1961, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper investigates two reduced-switch-count dc-link three-phase-to-three-phase four-leg converters. The converters provide bidirectional power flow and power-factor control. A control strategy is proposed to obtain the maximum voltage utilization of the converters for applications in which the load frequency is equal to the grid frequency. Several relevant characteristics of the converters, such as voltage ratings, total harmonic distortion, shared-leg and capacitor currents, harmonic voltage, and power ratings are addressed. Experimental and simulated results are presented.
14. R. Babau, I. Boldea, T. J. E. Miller, N. Muntean, "Complete Parameter Identification of Large Induction Machines From No-Load Acceleration–Deceleration Tests," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1962-1972, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper introduces an offline deterministic method for identification of inertia moment, mechanical losses, and electrical parameters for large induction machines, based on Direct-On-Line starting and natural slowdown tests, performed under no-load conditions. The static characteristic of absorbed power is used for the validation of results. Complete experimental results for a 6-kV four-pole 7500-kW machine are presented. The method brings significant cost savings for testing large induction machines.
15. O. Wallmark, L. Harnefors, O. Carlson, "Control Algorithms for a Fault-Tolerant PMSM Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1973-1980, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper proposes control algorithms for a fault-tolerant permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. In order to improve the reliability of the drive, an algorithm for achieving a sensorless control that operates properly also in fault mode is proposed. Furthermore, it is shown how a closed-loop field-weakening controller needs to be modified in order to operate properly in fault mode. Automotive applications are in mind and the algorithms presented are verified with experimental results using an in-wheel PMSM. With the proposed modifications, the reliability of the drive can be improved.
16. Y. A.-R. I. Mohamed, "Design and Implementation of a Robust Current-Control Scheme for a <>PMSM Vector Drive<> With a Simple Adaptive Disturbance Observer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1981-1988, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper introduces a robust current-control scheme for a permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with a simple adaptive disturbance observer. The robust controller is realized by including an adaptive element in the reference-voltage-generation stage using the feedforward control. Due to the time-varying nature and the high-bandwidth property of the uncertainties in a practical PMSM drive system, the adaptive element is simply chosen as the estimated uncertainty function, which adaptively varies with different operating conditions. Subsequently, the frequency modes of the uncertainty function are embedded in the control effort, and a robust current-control performance is yielded. Furthermore, the inclusion of the estimated uncertainty function provides an efficient solution for torque-ripple minimization in PMSM drives. This is because the frequency modes of the disturbances to be eliminated, i.e., the flux harmonics, are included in the stable closed-loop system. To provide a high-bandwidth estimate of the uncertainty function, a simple adaptation law is derived using the nominal current dynamics and the steepest descent method. To guarantee the system's convergence and to properly tune the proposed observer, a stability analysis based on a discrete-time Lyapunov function has been used. Comparative evaluation experiments are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme under different operating conditions.
17. J.-L. Shi, T.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, "Position Control of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Without Using a Shaft Position Sensor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1989-2000, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper proposes a novel sensorless position control system for an interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor. In this paper, a novel rotor position/velocity estimation technique is proposed. This estimation technique only relates to the slopes of the stator currents and does not relate to the parameters or operating conditions of the motor. Neither an extra circuit nor an external high-frequency exciting signal is required here as compared to other position estimation techniques. In addition, the proposed estimator works well in transient, steady-state, and standstill conditions. As a result, the proposed method is very robust and useful. To improve the performance of the position-control system, an optimal controller is proposed. By using this controller, a fast transient response, good load disturbance rejection capability, and satisfactory tracking ability can be achieved. A digital signal processor, TMS-320-LF-2407, is used to execute the rotor position/velocity estimation, the current-loop control, the velocity-loop control, and the position-loop control. As a result, a fully digital position-control system is achieved. Several experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.
18. S. Kadowaki, K. Ohishi, T. Hata, N. Iida, M. Takagi, T. Sano, S. Yasukawa, "Antislip Readhesion Control Based on Speed-Sensorless Vector Control and Disturbance Observer for Electric Commuter Train—Series 205-5000 of the East Japan Railway Company," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2001-2008, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: The improvement of adhesion characteristics is important in electric commuter train. The electric commuter train has both a slip phenomenon and a slide phenomenon. Slip-and-slide phenomena degrade the comfortable riding performance of electric commuter train. We have already proposed an antislip/antislide readhesion control system based on disturbance observer and sensorless vector control. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been confirmed by the experiment and the numerical simulation using the tested bogie system of electric commuter train. Then, we apply the proposed method to the actual electric commuter train of series 205-5000 of the East Japan Railway Company. In the experimental results of series 205-5000, this paper demonstrates that the proposed antislip/slide readhesion control system has the desired driving wheel torque response. Moreover, this paper discusses the evaluation method of readhesion control test results.
19. M. Nemec, D. Nedeljkovic, V. Ambrozic, "Predictive Torque Control of Induction Machines Using Immediate Flux Control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2009-2017, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper proposes a new concept for the control of voltage-source inverter (VSI)-fed induction machines. The method uses a predictive algorithm and can be split into two parts. The purpose of the first part, i.e., predictive torque control (PTC), is to predict the stator reference flux vector corresponding to the reference torque at the end of the sampling interval. The second part of the method provides accurate tracing of the stator reference flux by selecting either an active or a zero voltage vector. This approach is called immediate flux control (IFC), where two possible variants are suggested. In the first variant, a simple and fast algorithm obtains minimal stator flux error by impressing either an active or a zero voltage vector throughout the entire sampling interval. Consequently, the switching frequency becomes very low, but current and torque ripple are considerable. The second IFC variant generates the stator flux more accurately by applying an active voltage vector only throughout a calculated time slot within a sampling interval, whereas, during the remaining time of the sampling interval, a zero voltage vector is impressed. As a result, higher switching frequency arises, but it is still lower than that with space vector modulation. Both IFC variants, together with PTC, require minimal processing time and were efficiently implemented in a digital signal processor, which controlled a 3-kW induction machine drive. The obtained experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed approach.
20. M.-H. Shin, D.-S. Hyun, "Online Identification of Stator Transient Inductance in <>Rotor-Flux-Oriented Induction Motor Drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2018-2023, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In a rotor-flux-oriented induction motor drive, stator transient inductance is varied with the change of operating conditions. If the stator transient inductance is not tuned, the field orientation cannot be obtained. As a result, $q$-axis rotor flux does not become zero, and the performance is deteriorated. This paper shows the problems caused by the detuning of stator transient inductance and proposes a simple online tuning scheme of stator transient inductance for an indirect rotor flux-oriented induction motor drive. Stator transient inductance is estimated only by stator voltage and stator current. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.
21. S. Ye, K. T. Chau, "Chaoization of DC Motors for Industrial Mixing," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2024-2032, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Conventional industrial mixing is ineffective, which consumes a lot of energy. In this paper, an effective mixing approach is proposed and implemented by using an electrical chaoization. Namely, a permanent-magnet dc motor, which acts as the agitator, is electrically chaoized by time-delay feedback control. It is identified that there are three adjustable control parameters: the torque parameter which induces chaotic motion, the speed parameter which adjusts the motion boundary, and the time-delay parameter which tunes the refreshing rate. Both computer simulation and experimental results are given to verify the proposed chaoization. Finally, realistic mixing of an acid-base solution is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed chaotic mixing.
22. C. A. Michael, A. N. Safacas, "Dynamic and Vibration Analysis of a Multimotor DC Drive System With Elastic Shafts Driving a Tissue Paper Machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2033-2046, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, the influence of the stiffness and damping of real elastic shafts on the behavior of a multidrive system driving a tissue paper machine is investigated. The drive system consists of four dc motors, where two of them drive the Yankee drying cylinder and the other two drive the presses section. Six-pulse thyristor bridge power converters that are connected to the same power transformer supply the motors. The inertias of the motors and the driven machines, in conjunction with the shaft stiffness, form mechanical resonators. Thus, resonance phenomena may occur, which may lead to undesirable results. This particular case results to two three-mass and one five-mass systems. This paper presents an analysis of the resonance frequencies of two sections of the machine during startup and machine production, considering the shaft stiffness (shaft diameter, length, and thickness). The elastic shafts eliminate the ripple of the motor electromagnetic torque, which is transferred to the driven machine. The behavior of elastic shafts with different stiffness in the transmission system is studied. Moreover, the steady state and dynamic behavior of the system considering the influence of the elastic shafts and vibration analysis were investigated using simulation. A model algorithm for system simulation was developed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Characteristic simulation results are presented and are expressed in terms of speed and torque response. Considering the resonance frequency analysis and simulation results, mechanical design guidelines can be given for the most significant drive components in order to avoid torsional oscillation resonance phenomena and minimize torsional oscillations of the drive system.
23. L. Serrano-Iribarnegaray, J. Martinez-Roman, "A Unified Approach to the Very Fast Torque Control Methods for DC and AC Machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2047-2056, Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: The general strategy to get a very fast torque control in a dc or ac machine is based on keeping the pulsational electromotive forces (EMFs) of all of its phases as small as possible during the transient states and achieving the torque changes by exclusively enhancing the rotational EMFs. All the resources available have to be oriented in this direction. This very simple but profound physical idea, when applied to dc or ac machines, allows the different control methods for these machines that have been developed to date and regarded as the best from a dynamic point of view to be deduced in a unified, systematic, and straightforward way.
24. W. Chen, X. Yang, Z. Wang, "Analysis of Insertion Loss and Impedance Compatibility of Hybrid EMI Filter Based on Equivalent Circuit Model," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 2057-2064 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: The hybrid active electromagnetic interference filter (HAEF) is considered one of the best options for improving power quality for a number of considerations. A systematic classification and identification of HAEF configurations is given, including their insertion losses, impedance compatibilities, potential applications, and comparative features. It is aimed at providing a broad perspective on the status of HAEF technology to researchers and application engineers dealing with EMI issues. The basis of discussion is an equivalent circuit model that includes all possible combinations of active and passive elements and matches these to the desirable attributes. The evaluation indicates those topologies that are known and those topologies that are relatively new.
25. D. Panda, V. Ramanarayanan, "Reduced Acoustic Noise Variable DC-Bus-Voltage-Based Sensorless Switched Reluctance Motor Drive for HVAC Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2065-2078 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, a control strategy for reduced acoustic noise and sensorless operation of a switched reluctance (SR) motor is proposed for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) application, where the magnitude of the dc-bus voltage is controlled as a function of speed and the motor is operated in a single-pulse mode for all speed range. The dc-bus voltage is controlled by incorporating a dc chopper between the three-phase line rectifier and a split dc-link capacitor-type four-switch power converter. Such controller reduces the acoustic noise, provides more accurate position estimation for sensorless operation, and improves the life expectancy of the motor. The algorithm is first simulated through MATLAB/SIMULINK and then tested on a four-phase 8/6-pole 4-kW SR motor. The test results of achieved acoustic noise and improved sensorless operation are presented. Through the proposed method, the acoustic noise is reduced by almost 15 dB compared to the conventional scheme at low-speed regime. The proposed method is intended to drive a fan type of load in HVAC applications, where the dynamic performance requirement is not a stringent criterion.
26. A. Arias, L. Empringham, G. M. Asher, P. W. Wheeler, M. Bland, M. Apap, M. Sumner, J. C. Clare, "Elimination of Waveform Distortions in Matrix Converters Using a New Dual Compensation Method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2079-2087 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Matrix converters are becoming a real alternative to traditional topologies for many ac–ac power conversion applications. One of the less well-known advantages is the potential for reduced waveform distortion that arise from device characteristics and commutation delays. This paper describes the origin of distortion effects for a matrix converter with current sign-based commutation and gives a novel approach to the method that can, in principle, eliminate the distorting effects to give a power converter having excellent linear behavior. The effectiveness of compensation techniques are illustrated for both an open-loop matrix converter driving a passive load and a matrix converter as part of a vector-controlled drive.
27. S. Mandrek, P. J. Chrzan, "Quasi-Resonant DC-Link Inverter With a Reduced Number of Active Elements," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2088-2094 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, a new scheme of a parallel quasi-resonant dc-link inverter (PQRDCLI) for electrical drive applications is described. Principles of the soft-switching inverter operation for bidirectional energy transmission are presented. A PQRDCLI analysis with the aid of simulations and experimental tests is carried out. The circuit features relatively simple topological structure and moderate overcurrent stress of components. A robust control strategy of the quasi-resonant circuit operation with an inverter output voltage $dv/dt$ limitation has been achieved.
28. G. Dong, O. Ojo, "Current Regulation in Four-Leg Voltage-Source Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2095-2105 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Three-phase four-leg voltage-source converters by virtue of the fourth leg connected to the neutral points of the wye-connected loads effectively handle the zero-sequence currents and voltages occasioned by connected load impedance imbalances and/or nonlinearity of loads. This paper develops a generalized carrier-based pulsewidth-modulation scheme for this converter which with a natural reference-frame control scheme that directly controls the actual load currents ensures current regulation irrespectively of the nature of the load. The proposed modulation and control schemes are effectively validated by computer simulation and experimental results for the converter operation in the linear and overmodulation regions.
29. P. Cancelliere, V. D. Colli, R. Di Stefano, F. Marignetti, "Modeling and Control of a Zero-Current-Switching DC/AC Current-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2106-2119 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Choosing a dc/ac converter is mainly a compromise among three major issues, namely: 1) efficiency; 2) waveform quality; and 3) cost. This paper considers a zero-current-switching (ZCS) current-source inverter (CSI) as a viable choice for many applications. It features low conduction and switching losses, inherent output filtering, capability of withstanding short circuits, and the opportunity to use thyristors. Despite these promising characteristics, this inverter exhibits a nonlinear relationship between the modulation index and the output current. Moreover, the resonant modes that are generated by the load–filter interaction must be damped. Since the previous aspects require a proper control law, a model of the system is very useful for defining and tuning a control structure. Thus, after providing a functional overview of the ZCS dc/ac CSI, this paper formulates a large-signal model and then derives and simplifies the averaged one. Numerical data are used to validate the models that are obtained. An active damping control for a motor drive is defined and tuned by means of the simplified averaged model, and its effectiveness is numerically validated. Experimental results conclude this paper.
30. F.-C. Lin, S.-M. Yang, "An Approach to Producing Controlled Radial Force in a Switched Reluctance Motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2120-2136 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Unbalanced radial force acting on a rotor shaft is undesirable because it causes motor vibrations. However, motor vibrations can be reduced with intentionally produced shaft radial force which cancels the existing unbalanced radial forces due to a nonuniform air gap or external load. Due to its special structure, the shaft radial force and torque of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) can be separately controlled when all pole currents are controlled independently. However, control of SRM radial force is rarely discussed in the existing literature. This paper presents a scheme that produces a controlled radial force for a 12/8-pole SRM. In this scheme, mutual inductances between stator poles are included in the control model. The motor torque is controlled with the conventional method, i.e., all poles in the conduction phase are energized with the same current to produce the desired torque. Two extra poles from the descending-inductance phase are energized to produce the desired radial force. The cross-coupling torque produced by the force producing poles is compensated. The experimental results have verified that when controlled with the proposed scheme, the SRM was able to produce a controlled radial force when at standstill or running, and subjected to a load torque.
31. M. Ortuzar, J. Moreno, J. Dixon, "Ultracapacitor-Based Auxiliary Energy System for an Electric Vehicle: Implementation and Evaluation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2137-2146 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In the search for better efficiency, an auxiliary energy system (AES) for electric vehicles (EVs) was designed, implemented, and tested. The system, which is composed of an ultracapacitor bank and a buck–boost converter, was installed in an EV, which is powered by a lead-acid battery pack and a 54-kW brushless dc motor. Two control strategies where developed: one based on heuristics and the other based on an optimization model using neural networks. These strategies were translated to algorithms and implemented in a digital signal processor, and their performance was evaluated in urban driving. The results were incorporated to an economic evaluation of the system, which shows that the reduction in costs would only justify the inclusion of this type of system in a lead-acid battery-powered vehicle if the battery life is extended by 50% or more, which is unlikely. The same results were extrapolated to a case in which the lead-acid batteries are replaced by a fuel cell. In this case, the costs of different power support systems were evaluated, such as ultracapacitors and high-specific-power lithium-based batteries. The results showed a significant cost reduction when AES configurations are included in contrast to a system powered by fuel cells only. Also, the cost reduction was higher when using ultracapacitors for this purpose.
32. D. de Almeida Souza, W. C. P. de Aragao Filho, G. C. D. Sousa, "Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Efficiency Optimization of Induction Motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2147-2156 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper introduces a new technique for efficiency optimization of adjustable-speed drives, with an emphasis on vector-controlled induction motor drives. The technique combines two distinct control methods, namely, online search of the optimal operating point and a model-based efficiency control. For a given operating condition, which is characterized by a given speed and load torque, a search controller (SC); based on the “Rosenbrock” method) determines the flux level that results in the minimum input power. Once this optimal flux level has been found, this information is utilized to update the rule base of a fuzzy controller that plays the role of an implicit mathematical model of the system. Initially, for any load condition, the rule base yields the rated flux value. As the optimum points associated with the usual operating conditions (given by the required speeds and load torques) are identified by the SC, the rule base is progressively updated such that the fuzzy controller learns to model the optimal operating conditions for the entire torque–speed plane. As the machine parameters are subject to change during operation, the SC is kept active to track possible minor deviation of the optimum point, thus ensuring true optimal efficiency operation.
33. C. S. Edrington, B. Fahimi, M. Krishnamurthy, "An Autocalibrating Inductance Model for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2157-2164 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Development of a precise dynamic model is a critical step in design and analysis of optimal control strategies for switched-reluctance machines (SRM). This paper is focused on important issues concerning the development of such models and their subsequent use in designing control strategies for SRM drives. The main goal in modeling is to provide a good accuracy over the entire speed and torque range. To achieve this objective, the following requirements need to be met: 1) a good accuracy in matching the inductance of each stator phase; 2) inclusion of mutual effects when significant overlap among phases exists; 3) inclusion of short flux-path operation in each electrical cycle when significant overlap among adjacent phases exists; and 4) capability for autocalibration to cope with parameter variations incurred by manufacturing imperfections and operational conditions. In this paper, in addition to an in-depth discussion of the above factors, a practical modeling approach along with an autocalibration strategy is presented. A simple test collects the necessary data in developing the proposed model. Inherent separation among mechanical, electrical, and control time constants has been used to develop the autocalibration process. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method.
34. A. D. Cheok, Y. Qiu, K. Xu, K. G. Kumar, "Combined Wireless Hardware and Real-Time Computer Vision Interface for Tangible Mixed Reality," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2165-2173 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Recent advances in technology enable portable, even wearable, computers to be equipped with wireless interfaces, which allows data transactions even while mobile. Combined with mixed reality (MR), mobile computing exploits a promising field for wearable computers. Natural and nonobtrusive means of interaction call for new devices, which should be simple to use, and provide effective tracking methods in unprepared environments for MR. In this paper, a new interaction hardware tilt pad designed using accelerometers and wireless devices is introduced. This is combined with two new natural feature-tracking algorithms based on geometrical image constraints. The first is based on epipolar geometry and provides a general description of the constraints on image flow between two static scenes. The second is based on the calculation of a homography relationship between the current frame and a stored representation of the scene. We assessed these algorithms compared with the current optical flow calculation algorithm across a number of criteria including robustness, speed, and accuracy. Finally, we demonstrated an MR computer game application combining the new tracking method and the hardware tilt pad. Videos of the tilt pad and application of tilt pad Pacman game can be found at the web site: http://www.mixedrealitylab.org.
35. J.-S. Yu, S.-H. Kim, B.-K. Lee, C.-Y. Won, J. Hur, "Fuzzy-Logic-Based Vector Control Scheme for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors in Elevator Drive Applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2174-2189 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In elevator drive systems, the gains of a conventional proportional–integral (PI) speed controller cannot usually be set large enough because of its mechanical resonance. Consequently, the speed control performance deteriorates. In our work described in this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was adopted for use in elevator drive systems in order to improve the speed control performance. The proposed FLC was compared with a conventional PI controller with respect to speed dynamic responses and load torque. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the proposed FLC was superior over the conventional PI. This FLC can be a good solution for high-performance elevator drive systems.
36. S. Choi, M. Jang, "Analysis and Control of a Single-Phase-Inverter–Zigzag-Transformer Hybrid Neutral-Current Suppressor in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2190-2200 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper presents analysis and control of a hybrid filter that can suppress neutral harmonic currents in three-phase four-wire systems not only with harmonic voltage–source loads but also with harmonic current–source loads. The filter voltampere rating is significantly reduced compared to the conventional neutral-current-suppressing methods. The rectifier part of the neutral harmonic suppressor has been removed by controlling the dc capacitor voltage. The experimental results on a 50-kVA prototype validate the proposed control approach.
37. H. S. Lim, R. Krishnan, "Ropeless Elevator With Linear Switched Reluctance Motor Drive Actuation Systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2201-2208 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) drives are investigated and proved in this study as an alternative actuator for vertical linear transportation applications such as a linear elevator. A one-tenth-scaled prototype elevator that is focused on a home elevator with LSRMs is designed, and extensive experimental correlation is presented for the first time in this paper. The proposed LSRM has twin stators and a set of translator poles without yoke placed between the two stators. The features of the LSRM and the prototype elevator are described. Furthermore, a control strategy for the prototype elevator is introduced consisting of four control loops, viz., 1) current, 2) force, 3) velocity, and 4) position feedback control loops. Force control of the experimental prototype elevator employs the proposed force distribution function. A trapezoidal velocity profile is introduced to control vertical travel position smoothly during ascent, descent, and stop of the elevator. Conventional proportional–integral controller is used for the current and velocity control loops and their designs are described. The proposed control strategy is dynamically simulated and experimentally correlated. The analytical and experimental results of this paper prove that LSRMs are one of the strong candidates for linear elevator propulsion drives.
38. S.-B. Roh, W. Pedrycz, S.-K. Oh, "Genetic Optimization of Fuzzy Polynomial Neural Networks," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2209-2218 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, we introduce a new topology of fuzzy–neural networks—fuzzy-set-based polynomial neural networks (FSPNNs). The two underlying design mechanisms of such networks involve genetic optimization and information granulation (IG). The resulting constructs come in the form of fuzzy polynomial neural networks with fuzzy-set-based polynomial neurons, regarded as their generic processing elements. First, we introduce a comprehensive design methodology using which we determine the optimal structure of the FSPNNs. This methodology hinges on the extended group method of data handling and fuzzy-set-based rules. It concerns the optimization of the FSPNN-related parameters such as the number of input variables, the order of the polynomial, the number of membership functions, and a collection of a specific subset of input variables realized through the mechanism of genetic optimization. Second, the fuzzy rules used in the networks exploit a notion of information granules defined over a system's variables and formed through the process of IG. This granulation is realized with the aid of the hard C-means clustering algorithm. The performance of the network is quantified through experimentation in which we use a number of modeling benchmarks already experimented with in the realm of fuzzy or neurofuzzy modeling.
39. L. Harnefors, "Modeling of Three-Phase Dynamic Systems Using Complex Transfer Functions and Transfer Matrices," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2219-2238 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: A compilation of methods for modeling and analysis of three-phase dynamic systems—such as ac machines, resistance–inductance–capacitance components, and power electronic converters including their control algorithms—using complex transfer functions and transfer matrices is presented. Restrictions of the two modeling methods and relations between them are given. Various frequency-domain results, including closed-loop stability theory, are presented. The theory is illustrated by several examples showing areas of application.
40. Y. W. Li, D. M. Vilathgamuwa, F. Blaabjerg, P. C. Loh, "A Robust Control Scheme for Medium-Voltage-Level DVR Implementation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2239-2248 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, a robust control scheme with an outer $hbox{H}infty$ voltage control loop and an inner current control loop is designed and implemented on a medium-voltage (MV)-level dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) system. Through a simple selection of weighting functions, the synthesized $hbox{H}infty$ controller would exhibit significant gains in the vicinity of positive- and negative-sequence fundamental frequencies, and therefore, it would be able to regulate both positive- and negative-sequence components effectively, with explicit robustness in the face of system parameter variations. A detailed discussion of $hbox{H}infty$ controller weighting function selection, inner current loop tuning, and system disturbance rejection capability is presented. Finally, the designed control scheme is extensively tested on a laboratory 10-kV MV-level DVR system with varying voltage sag (balanced and unbalanced) and loading (linear/nonlinear load and induction motor load) conditions. It is shown that the proposed control scheme is effective in both balanced and unbalanced sag compensation and load disturbance rejection, as its robustness is explicitly specified.
41. J. A. Martin-Ramos, J. Diaz, A. M. Pernia, J. M. Lopera, F. Nuno, "Dynamic and Steady-State Models for the PRC-LCC Resonant Topology With a Capacitor as Output Filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2249-2261 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In high-voltage dc power supplies (hundreds of kilovolts), avoiding the inductance in the output filter is an important asset. Thus, a capacitor as a unique component of that filter is preferable. On the other hand, a high-voltage step-up transformer shows a high capacitance in its secondary, which can be included in a resonant stage. Both capacitances, i.e., one from the filter and the other from the transformer, are separated by the output rectifier. When this rectifier is on, they are in parallel; when it is off, they are disconnected. A resonant stage where a very large capacitor appears and disappears several times in one period is not linear and has not been dynamically modeled before. This paper shows two simple models for the parallel–series (LCC-type parallel resonant converter) resonant topology with a capacitor as output filter. Its dynamics and steady state are studied and constitute an important help for any designer.
42. Y. Han, W. Eberle, Y.-F. Liu, "A Practical Copper Loss Measurement Method for the Planar Transformer in High-Frequency Switching Converters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2262-2275 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: In this paper, a new and practical measurement method is proposed to characterize the planar transformer copper loss operating in a high-frequency switching mode power supply (SMPS). The scheme is easy to set up, and it provides an equivalent winding alternating current resistance, which is the result of all the field effects on the transformer windings to achieve more accurate copper loss characterization. A detailed error analysis for the proposed copper loss measurement method is conducted. The analysis results can provide useful guidelines on the SMPS transformer copper loss measurement scheme design. Measurement results on the copper loss of a planar transformer in a high-frequency dc/dc converter are presented. In order to verify the measurement results, a time-domain finite-element analysis transient solver is adopted to analyze the transformer copper loss. Good matching between the simulation and measurement results is achieved.
43. J. Pou, J. Zaragoza, P. Rodriguez, S. Ceballos, V. M. Sala, R. P. Burgos, D. Boroyevich, "Fast-Processing Modulation Strategy for the Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter With Total Elimination of Low-Frequency Voltage Oscillations in the Neutral Point," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2276-2287 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper presents a novel modulation strategy for a neutral-point-clamped converter. This strategy overcomes one of the main problems of this converter, which is the low-frequency voltage oscillation that appears in the neutral point under some operating conditions. The proposed modulation strategy can completely remove this oscillation for all the operating points and for any kind of loads, even unbalanced and nonlinear loads. The algorithm is based on a carrier-based pulsewidth modulation. Nevertheless, it can generate the maximum output-voltage amplitudes that are attainable under linear modulation, such as space-vector modulation. Furthermore, this technique can be implemented with a very simple algorithm and, hence, can be processed very quickly. The only drawback of this strategy is that the switching frequencies of the devices are one third higher than those of standard sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation. A control loop for balancing the voltages on the dc-link capacitors is also proposed. This balancing strategy is designed, so that it does not further increase the switching frequencies of the devices when it is applied to the converter. The proposed modulation technique is verified by simulation and experiment.
44. A. C. Oliveira, C. B. Jacobina, A. M. N. Lima, "Improved Dead-Time Compensation for Sinusoidal PWM Inverters Operating at High Switching Frequencies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2288-2294 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: This paper proposes a technique to compensate the effects of dead time in sinusoidal pulsewidth-modulated voltage-source inverters. The compensation is implemented by adjusting the switching frequency to avoid unfeasible pulsewidths of the gating signals, as well as to minimize the total harmonic distortion of the inverter output voltage. The technique can be used at any switching frequency, but the best results are obtained in the high-frequency range. The experimental results of the proposed technique that is applied in a three-phase induction motor drive system are presented.
45. S.H. Kia, H. Henao, G.-A. Capolino, "A High-Resolution Frequency Estimation Method for Three-Phase Induction Machine Fault Detection," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2295-2304 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Fault detection in alternating-current electrical machines that is based on frequency analysis of stator current has been the interest of many researchers. Several frequency estimation techniques have been developed and are used to help the induction machine fault detection and diagnosis. This paper presents a technique to improve the fault detection technique by using the classical multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method. This method is a powerful tool that extracts meaningful frequencies from the signal, and it has been widely used in different areas, which include electrical machines. In the proposed application, the fault sensitive frequencies have to be found in the stator current signature. They are numerous in a given frequency range, and they are affected by the signal-to-noise ratio. Then, the MUSIC method takes a long computation time to find many frequencies by increasing the dimension of the autocorrelation matrix. To solve this problem, an algorithm that is based on zooming in a specific frequency range is proposed with MUSIC in order to improve the performances of frequency extraction. Moreover, the method is integrated as a part of MUSIC to estimate the frequency signal dimension order based on classification of autocorrelation matrix eigenvalues. The proposed algorithm has been applied to detect a rotor broken bar fault in a three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine under different loads and in steady-state condition.
46. P. G. Kini, R. C. Bansal, R. S. Aithal, "A Novel Approach Toward Interpretation and Application of Voltage Unbalance Factor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. ;2305-2314 , Aug 2007. Full
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Abstract: Voltage unbalance has been interpreted in a number of ways based on the conditions and complexities that are involved. This paper takes the widely used expression of voltage unbalance factor (VUF) and puts forward the various ambiguities that arise due to voltage variation and unbalance when applied to a test case. If the results are not properly interpreted, they affect decision making with regard to motor derating and protective system settings. It is also shown that various voltage combinations are possible for a particular VUF. By fixing an upper limit so as to signify the upper limit, a simple solution by way of conceptual interpretation is suggested to overcome the same. The discussion that is put forward is supported by a test case.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
