35.1. 1. I.L. Erickson, "Implementing a carrier-band node using VLSI," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1-5, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: With the IEEE 802.4 token bus standard rapidly gaining acceptance because of its useful features and inclusion in the GM MAP (General Motors manufacturing automation protocol) specification, semiconductor companies are implementing this standard. A carrier-band implementation can provide a low-cost token bus node with up to 10 Mbs data rates. A carrier-band node that includes a token bus controller (TBC), carrier-band modem (CBM), host processor, and memory can be quickly and inexpensively designed using VLSI computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. One such implementation is presented. The token bus controller (TBC) implements the medium-access control (MAC) function in accordance with the IEEE 802.4 standard. The carrier-band modem (CBM) chip implements the 802.4 carrier-band physical layer. An IEEE recommended standard serial interface is used to pass information between the carrier-band modem and the token bus controller
35.1. 2. H.A. Schutz, "The role of
MAP
in factory integration," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no.
1, pp. 6-12, Feb 1988. Abstract
Link
Abstract: The interplay of technology and market
factors surrounding the manufacturing automation protocol (MAP) is examined. A
four-tier hierarchical industrial communications model is presented and MAP is
positioned within it. Several events and decisions during the evolution of MAP
are identified as having had unusually far-reaching effects in terms of the way
MAP is being used. It is asserted that MAP will play a key role in factory-wide
networking, but nonstandard networks are still widely used where standards fail
to address special requirements of performance or function. The effect that the
development of real-time versions of MAP-like networks will have on factory
communications is described. The central issue in such real-time networks is to
provide both the responsiveness required by the application and the services
required for wide connectivity among devices. The impetus to embrace MAP is
yielding network designs different from ones based solely on technical
considerations. Two case studies are presented to discuss the technical,
administrative, and economic factors surrounding early MAP usage
35.1. 3. L. Ciminiera, C. Demartini, A. Valenzano, "Industrial IEEE 802.3 networks with short delivery time for urgent messages," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 13-17, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Two solutions are investigated for introducing priority mechanisms in the CSMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection) protocol defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard to provide short delivery times for urgent messages even when the overall traffic on the channel is heavy. Thus the CSMA/CD protocol, attractive because of its low cost, also becomes suitable for a class of industrial control applications. The proposed schemes can easily be implemented by using already-available chips and boards because they are based on the dynamic management of a transmission parameter, the slot time; this feature is already present in the standard IEEE 802.3, where it is set statically when the network is configured. The first configuration considered implements a message priority scheme, where the priority level for the station can be updated at each new message transmission, varying the slot time according to the message characteristics. The second configuration introduces a fixed-station-priority mechanism which allows each node in the network to be assigned to a specific priority class
35.1. 4. R.C. Luo, "A microcomputer-based intelligent sensor for multiaxis force/torque measurement," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 18-25, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The author describes the design and implementation of a pair of sophisticated robot fingers that enable the sensing of information from three axes of force and three axes of torque using piezoresistive strain gauges as sensing elements with conversion to frequency as the output. The fingers may be mounted on a servo-controlled robot gripper and interfaced with a robot controller to serve as an active compliance device for small-part assembly tasks. This force/torque sensor with frequency output using an RC oscillation principle has demonstrated great advantages in signal conditioning and processing relative to conventional voltage output techniques. The design of robotic fingers and multiaxis force/torque sensors with signal conditioning/processing, and data acquisition with a microprocessor system are described. A description of the test results is also presented
35.1. 5. K. Furuta, K. Kosuge, N. Mukai, "Control of articulated robot arm with sensory feedback: laser beam tracking system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 26-30, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A method for the trajectory tracking control of an articulated robot arm using sensory feedback is presented. First, a general control algorithm for such a problem is presented. To implement sensory feedback effectively, the dynamics of a robot arm is described in the task coordinate system. Then the dynamics of the robot arm in the task coordinate system are linearized using nonlinear feedback. Because the linearization cannot be done completely because of variations and identification errors of the physical parameters of a robot arm, a robust controller is designed so that the effect of parameter variations and errors can be lessened. The control law is shown to be simplified by the use of high-gain feedback. The simplification can make the implementation of the control law very easy. The proposed algorithm is applied to the trajectory-tracking control of an articulated robot arm using a laser beam. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm works well for such a sensory feedback system
35.1. 6. M. Kabuka, J. Desoto, J. Miranda, "Robot vision tracking system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 31-39, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A system designed to test a tracking theory for finding the position of an object in a scene, even when it is entering or exiting, is described. The design of a servo system used to move the camera while tracking the object is proposed. The technique involves the fundamental frequency of the Fourier transform of the vertical and horizontal projections of the image. This technique will work with stationary or moving objects as well as with a stationary or moving camera. The objective is to apply this technique to find the line between the camera and the object, such that the robot arm could follow that line until it encountered the object, and then seize it. This technique may also be useful in performing camera calibration
35.1. 7. K. Furuta, M. Sampei, "Path control of a three-dimensional linear motional mechanical system using laser," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 40-51, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A sensory feedback controller for a three-dimensional linear-motion mechanical system is proposed. This controller specifies that the end-effector of the mechanical system will follow the path of a laser beam according to the operator's commands. Thus, it is possible to manually position the end-effector by moving the laser beam and specifying whether the end-effector should move forward or backward along its path. This system is ideal for manually operating robots. The sensor is designed to detect both the laser beam's direction and the end-effector's deviation from the beam's path. The experimental results confirm the viability of the proposed system. The controller can also be used for highly accurate servo-control because the position of the end-effector can be directly determined from the laser beam
35.1. 8. A.M. Trzynadlowski, "Energy optimization of a certain class of incremental motion DC drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 52-59, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A joint approach to the design and control of energy-optimal incremental motion, load-invariant DC drives is presented. The drive is to rotate a given load through a definite angle in limited time, at minimum energy dissipation in the motor windings. It is required that the motor be of the minimum possible rating. An energy-optimal multimode control strategy for the drive is developed, and its microprocessor-based implementation is proposed. The motor and the so-called key parameters of the drive are determined by graphical solution of a nonlinear constrained optimization problem. A design example is included to illustrate the theoretical considerations
35.1. 9. P.P. Acarnley, A. Hughes, "Machine/drive circuit interactions in small variable-reluctance stepping and brushless DC motor systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 60-66, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The authors investigate the torque, losses, and efficiency of small brushless DC and stepping-motor systems, and explain how performance is influenced by excitation mode, drive circuit, and machine parameters. Quantitative deductions are made for a three-phase reluctance-type machine based on computed steady-state results. For a given machine and drive circuit, maximum torque is obtained with an excitation mode that allows each phase to be turned on for half of the complete excitation cycle. However, if maximum efficiency is the aim, phase excitation must occur for a shorter period, e.g. by exciting only one phase at a time. When making comparisons between drive circuits, the most important measure of drive-circuit capability is the circuit power available at low speeds. Drive circuits producing rapid current decay at phase turn-off benefit torque production in the two-phase-on excitation mode, but are detrimental with the one-phase-on mode. At high speed the pull-out torque depends on the unsaturated inductance parameters of the machine. For maximum torque these parameters must be correctly proportioned, their values being dependent on the excitation mode
35.1. 10. Z.K. Wu, E.G. Strangas, "Feed forward field orientation control of an induction motor using a PWM voltage source inverter and standardized single-board computers ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 67-74, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The implementation of a speed-control regulator for an induction motor with single-board computers and as much standardized hardware as possible is described. The improvements over previous attempts include mainly the use of gating pulse patterns previously stored in the memory of a computer board, the use of coprocessing, and of a technique combining both software and hardware to sample motor currents with the required accuracy. The experimental system proved stable and robust against variations of rotor resistance and responded well to step-input changes
35.1. 11. D.W.J. Pulle, A. Hughes, "High-speed performance of variable-reluctance stepmotors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 75-79, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An analytical study is carried out with the aid of Blondel diagrams in order to identify the key parameters responsible for the performance limitations in a unipolar step-motor drive. It is shown that the fundamental component of the excitation voltage waveform and the total phase resistance govern the maximum output-power capability of the drive. Predicted and experimental results are presented for a multistack motor which demonstrated not only the validity of the theory but also highlights the effectiveness of using Blondel diagrams for stepping motor analysis
35.1. 12. G.C. Verghese, S.R. Sanders, "Observers for flux estimation in induction machines," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 80-84, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Flux estimation in induction machines is examined from the viewpoint of observer theory. It is pointed out that estimators presently used in connection with schemes such as field-oriented control are typically real-time simulations of machine equations, without feedback of any corrective prediction error. It is shown that corrective feedback can be used to speed up convergence of the flux estimates. It can also reduce the sensitivity of the estimates to parameter variations
35.1. 13. K. Saito, K. Kamiyama, T. Ohmae, T. Matsuda, "A microprocessor-controlled speed regulator with instantaneous speed estimation for motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 85-94, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A method for estimating instantaneous speed, suited for a microprocessor-based speed regulator for motor drives, and the characteristics of the speed control system are described. Features of the proposed method include the estimation of instantaneous speed at a real-time point using values of average speed detected by counting for a certain time the output pulses of an encoder as well as the estimated value as the speed feedback signal for the speed regulator. Since this method allows compensation to be made for the lag time of the feedback signal caused by detection of the mean value, it contributes to improved stability of the speed regulator. In particular, this provides a significant suppression of the vibrations that are generated in motor-driven machinery
35.1. 14. H. Hanselmann, A. Engelke, "LQG-control of a highly resonant disk drive head positioning actuator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 95-99, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A fast fine-positioning controller has been designed for a rotary-actuator-type magnetic-storage disk drive. The controller was designed using the LQG (linear quadratic Gaussian) methodology and has been implemented on a digital signal processor. It is shown that LQG design is a viable approach, and that various problems associated with the structural resonances of the actuator can be solved
35.1. 15. Y.-S. Li, T.Y. Young, J.A. Magerl, "Subpixel edge detection and estimation with a microprocessor-controlled line scan camera," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 100-104, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A microprocessor-controlled line scan camera system for measuring edges and lengths of steel strips is described, and the problem of subpixel edge detection and estimation in a line image is considered. The edge image is assumed to change gradually in its intensity, and the true edge location may be between pixels. Detection and estimation of edges are based on measurement of gray values of the line images at a limited number of pixels. A two-stage approach is presented. At the first stage, a computationally simple discrete-template-matching method is used to place the estimated edge point to the nearest pixel value. Three second-stage methods designed for subpixel estimation are examined. The modified Chebyshev polynomial and the three-point interpolation method do not require much knowledge on the shape of the edge intensity. If the functional form of the edge is known, a least-square estimation method may be used for better accuracy. In the case of nonstationary Poisson noise, a recursive maximum-likelihood method for the first-stage edge detection, followed by subpixel estimation, is proposed
35.1. 16. W.K.N. Anakwa, M.N.S. Swamy, "Boiler plant control using a minimum order dynamic pole placement compensator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 105-112, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A quadratic performance index with a prescribed degree of stability is used to select the desired closed loop poles of a boiler plant in a 150 MW power station. Using only the available output variables for feedback. Fortran computer programs are written to design a dynamic compensator of minimum order p to achieve placement of the desired closed loop poles. The plant and the dynamic output feedback controller are simulated on a CDC Cyber 170-835 digital computer. The performance of the boiler plant controlled by the dynamic compensator is compared to performances under observer-based and state feedback controllers
35.1. 17. T. Fong-Chwee, H.R. Sirisena, "Self-tuning PID controllers for dead time processes," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 113-118, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A number of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based self-tuning controllers exist for the control of difficult processes. A common weakness of these self-tuning PID controllers is their inability to cope with dead-time processes. Here, self-tuning controllers based on a pole-assignment approach, which can overcome fractional dead time, constant and known dead time, plus time-varying dead time, are presented. It is shown using the simulation and experimental results that the controllers work well in handling dead-time processes
35.1. 18. J. Tan, N. Kyriakopoulos, "Implementation of a tracking Kalman filter on a digital signal processor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 119-125, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A Kalman filter for tracking moving objects has been implemented on a TMS32010 digital signal processor. Tracking accuracy and quantization effects of the implementation have been measured by comparing the filter to one implemented on a general-purpose computer with a 32 bit word length. The filter design has been optimized to minimize the program memory requirements and execution speed. Although the filter has been implemented on a specific signal processing chip, the design is general enough to be applicable to any other digital signal processor. The filter can be used for tracking objects for industrial or other applications where range and bearing measurements are available. For motion on a plane, the filter can be used to track objects where the maximum system bandwidth is 1680 Hz; for three-dimensional motion the system bandwidth is 1120 Hz. Using the approach presented, higher system bandwidth can be accommodated through higher-speed digital signal processors
35.1. 19. G.A. Girgis, K. Horn, G. Kruse, "Measurement of mechanical vibrations using eddy current transducers and simple digital demodulating techniques," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 126-134, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A coil with a soft magnetic ferrite core and excited by an AC current is placed near a metallic vibrating object. The impedance of the coil is influenced by the vibrations, so the voltage across the impedance is composed of a carrier voltage signal modulated by the mechanical vibrations. The produced signal is processed through a 10 bit analog-to-digital converter, a RAM, and a transient recorder for storing the data. It is found that the calculation of the fast Fourier transform of the quadrature of the stored data of the signal gives a rapid and accurate digital demodulation technique. A Z-80 microcomputer is used for storing and processing the data. A small number of points at the frequency spectrum will give the required unknown values of the amplitude and frequency of the mechanical vibrations
35.1. 20. G.-H. Choe, M.-H. Park, "A new injection method for AC harmonic elimination by active power filter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 135-140, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An injection method for an active filter which eliminates the harmonics present in AC lines by injecting PWM harmonic compensating current is proposed. In the proposed method, the active filter produces a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) current that cancels the existing harmonics up to any order completely. To generate such PWM current, both inverter and DC current source is needed. The current source can be replaced by a large inductor without any external power source. This can be achieved by providing the inverter with rectifying capability because the inverter has the same circuit structure as the rectifier. Therefore, the proposed model of PWM injection current includes not only the harmonic components to suppress the existing harmonics up to any order, but also the fundamental one, to raise the inductor current to any desired value. The characteristics of the injection method are investigated through a digital computer simulation. Feasibility is proved by the experimental results
35.1. 21. Y.-S. Lee, Y.C. Cheng, "Computer-aided analysis of electronic DC-DC transformers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 141-147, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An approach to the analysis of electronic DC-to-DC transformers using the SPICE simulation program as an aid is presented. In this approach, the minimum separable switching configuration (MISSCO) of a DC-to-DC transformer is first identified and its equivalent circuit determined before analysis and simulation are carried out on the complete converter circuit. Both the modeling of the MISSCO and the simulation using SPICE program can be easily performed to produce plots of frequency and phase characteristics of the circuit, which are useful for design purposes. A full analysis of the DC-to-DC transformer is also described to enhance an understanding of the circuit behavior, in addition to just modeling and simulation
35.1. 22. A.K.S. Bhat, S.B. Dewan, "A novel utility interfaced high-frequency link photovoltaic power conditioning system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 148-152, Feb 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Utility-line-interfaced photovoltaic power conditioning (PVPC) systems are gaining popularity in augmenting energy. PVPC systems utilizing a high-frequency (HF) isolation link have the well-known advantages of small size, light weight, etc. Here, a utility interfaced HF-link PVPC system is presented. The system discussed consists of a resonant (load commutated asymmetrical silicon-controlled rectifier) (ASCR) HF inverter, a rectifier, and a line-commutated inverter working with a power factor near unity. An HF transformer provides the isolation between the photovoltaic array and the utility line. The HF resonant inverter uses an LCC type commutation circuit and has inherent fault-protection capability under a number of fault conditions. The working details of the scheme are presented together with logic circuit schematics. Experimental results obtained with a prototype unit are also given
35.2. 1. M. Hirose, S. Matsushige, S. Buma, K. Kamiya, "Toyota electronic modulated air suspension system for the 1986 Soarer," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 193-200, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An electronically controlled air-suspension system is described that uses sensors to detect vehicle speed, throttle position, steering angle, height, and other factors related to vehicle attitude. Its electronic control unit (ECU) drives the actuators to control spring rate, damping force, and height. As a result, the system reduces changes in vehicle attitude such as rolls, dives, squats, etc., and also provides stable maneuverability in high-speed cruising and improved drive characteristics on rough roads. A newly developed single-chip microcomputer is used in the ECU. The actuators for the sporting rate and damping force use DC motors. The system also allows drivers to select preferred suspension characteristics from four modes, and displays on a CRT the suspension status
35.2. 2. T. Torii, S. Azuma, Y. Matsuzaki, "Multidisplay system [automobile displays]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 201-207, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A specially-developed multidisplay system using a 6 inch color CRT, created through actual testing in experimental vehicles, was mass-produced for the Japanese market in January 1985. A year later, the multidisplay system was improved through an addition in the information displayed on the CRT and mounted in the 1986 Toyota Soarer. These improvements are described, and an outline of the multidisplay system and details regarding newly developed technology consequent to its development are also described
35.2. 3. M. Hirano, M. Takeuchi, T. Tomoda, K.-I. Nakano, "Keyless entry system with radio card transponder [automobiles]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 208-216, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A keyless entry system for locking and unlocking vehicle doors, and for opening the trunk is described. This system utilizes a small (ordinary credit-card size) card transponder with a built-in personal identification code that can be carried in a pocket or a briefcase and the user does not have to take it out for use because the signal transmission is effected by inductive coupling between the card and loop antennas built into the door mirror housing and rear bumper. By touching a switch provided near the trunk keyhole, the user can open the door or trunk as if there were no locks. For anti-theft security and reliability, the system incorporates a twin-loop antenna that generates a rotating magnetic field, and a detection system to prevent the card transponder from being left inside the vehicle. This system has been installed in the luxury classes of Nissan models in the Japanese market
35.2. 4. M.R. Kabuka, P.N. Glaskowsky, J. Miranda, "Microcontroller-based architecture for control of a six joint robot arm," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 217-221, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A robot arm controller has been developed with a dual emphasis on performance and flexibility. It includes a general-purpose interface for a host microcomputer, and can be configured with up to two floating-point signal processors. The controller responds to high-level control commands from the host, computes the arm trajectory, and corrects motion errors in real-time using Newton-Euler equations. By relieving the host computer of all computational requirements, this controller design permits one host to control multiple robot arms while maintaining maximum performance
35.2. 5. W.-K. Chung, H.S. Cho, "On the dynamic characteristics of a balance PUMA-760 robot," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 222-230, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: To reduce complexities in robot dynamics, a mechanical counter-balancing concept based on the theory of adding balancing masses to unbalanced conventional manipulators is introduced. The effects of balancing on the dynamic characteristics of the PUMA-760 robot when the designed counter-balancing mechanism is applied to the robot are examined. Through theoretical and experimental study many distinct advantages such as simplicity in the dynamic equation and significant reduction in the total required input torques are demonstrated for various manipulator speeds and payload conditions. Based on these results, the dynamic characteristics of the balanced PUMA-760 robot are discussed in detail
35.2. 6. A.A. Goldenberg, L. Chan, "An approach to real-time control of robots in task space. Application to control of PUMA 560 without VAL-II," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 231-238, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An approach to real-time control is presented that involves the adaption of existing (commercial) hardware and the integration of new hardware and software, such that both feedback control and offline programming using either task or joint-space coordinates are possible. The approach is illustrated in detail through the implementation of a controller that replaces the conventional Victor's assembly language (VAL) II-based controller with the PUMA 560 robot. The controller presents an improvement over the system under VAL in a number of ways, in addition to being able to use either task or joint-space information in the most general form. In particular, the hardware and software of the new controller can accommodate novel sensory systems, robot programming languages, and dynamic models for research and evaluation of advanced control methods
35.2. 7. K.R. Davey, G.J. Vachtsevanos, R. Bass, G. Kelly, D. Ross, "Analysis and control of low-speed fractional horsepower synchronous drive motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 239-244, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A study of a quasi-linear synchronous motor used as a wheelchair drive is presented with the intent of highlighting the strength of analytical and simulation tools for low-speed fractional horsepower devices. The method of analysis and the development of the controls for the motor are quite general in their applicability. The analytical field computation capitalizes on the extraction of key spatial and constitutive information in the design. The terminal and field relations are used to examine and simulate control strategies. This information is especially useful in assessing control constraints (e.g., power supply voltage). Various schemes for realizing torque and speed control are discussed. Comparisons between the analytical predictions and actual motor data are presented
35.2. 8. T.L. Laopoulos, C.A. Karybakas, "A phase locked motor speed control system with sample-and-hold phase detector," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 245-252, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A phase-locked speed-control with a sample-and-hold phase detector, which replaces the common phase detector and lowpass filter thus reducing the system's response time, is investigated. The phase detector's nonlinear behavior when operating inside the loop is discussed, together with the related lower speed limit. The system's operating region is determined by calculating the phase-locked loop (PLL) hold-in range and control system stability limits. Analytical expressions, along with related diagrams, illustrate the role of each of the system, parameters. Minimum system speed is also considered and its improvement through the use of various compensating networks is examined
35.2. 9. E.Y.Y. Ho, P.C. Sen, "Decoupling control of induction motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 253-262, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The decoupling control of induction machines is investigated. Three different schemes for decoupling-control methods based on stator flux, airgap flux, and rotor flux field regulation are developed. The control dynamics of each scheme are outlined and studied. Simulation results are presented to verify that these schemes provide decoupling control with excellent dynamic behavior. The transient and steady-state relationships between slip frequency and torque, under constant stator flux, airgap flux, and rotor flux operations, are simulated and compared. The sensitivity characteristics of the three methods of flux-control, machine fed by impressed currents and voltages, are also compared and studied. A prototype torque-drive system is implemented to demonstrate the decoupling control of a squirrel-cage induction machine
35.2. 10. H. Huisman, "A three-phase to three-phase series-resonant power converter with optimal input current waveforms. I. Control strategy," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 263-268, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A control strategy for multiphase-input multiphase-output AC to AC series-resonant (SR) power converters is presented. After reviewing some basics in SR power converters, a hierarchy of control mechanisms is presented, together with their respective theoretical backgrounds and practical limitations. The respective controllers are then presented in a simulation context. The control scheme fully exploits the capabilities of high-frequency power converters and facilitates the extraction of currents at a unity power factor from the supply side, even under transient conditions. The control scheme takes into account losses and inaccuracies in the control electronics without deteriorating the intended waveforms. Through computer simulation, it has been shown that, in particular, the input current wave-shapes are greatly improved compared to the best-available operating data
35.2. 11. H. Huisman, "A three-phase to three-phase series-resonant power converter with optimal input current waveforms. II. Applications and results," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 269-277, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.35, no.2, p.263-8 (1988). A 15 kW three-phase prototype series-resonant power converter is constructed. The converter features sinusoidal output voltage and sinusoidal input currents. The control concepts and necessary electronics, as well as the layout of the power circuit, are discussed. Low distortion levels are achieved for both the output voltages and the input currents, and measurements show the very fast (milliseconds) reaction capabilities of this type of equipment
35.2. 12. S.F. Gorman, J.J. Cathey, J.A. Weimer, "A multi-microprocessor controller for a VV-VF cycloconverter-link brushless DC motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 278-283, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A method of thyristor gating management to allow operation of a cycloconverter-link brushless DC motor drive from a variable-voltage variable-frequency (VV-VF) source is presented. Multiple microprocessors are utilized to assure that no compromise in signal processing priority is necessary as both motor and source frequency vary independently over a wide range. The architecture and logic of the design are discussed. Some experimental results are presented for operation of a laboratory model of the drive system on a load simulator
35.2. 13. J.-Y. Lee, Y.-Y. Sun, "Novel sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation schemes for voltage-source inverters with fluctuating input voltage," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 284-294, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The optimum waveform parameters of pulse position and pulse widths for voltage-source inverters with fluctuating input voltage are proposed. Eight types of modulation schemes are described for synthesizing the optimum low-distortion output waveforms, of which the harmonic spectra and the peak fundamental-value are almost insensitive to the input-voltage fluctuation, with a minimum voltampere rating of inverter input filter. For fluctuating inverter input voltage with insufficient filtering, the type-VII and the alternative type-III modulation schemes are found to be especially suitable for practical implementation. Detailed descriptions of the suggested circuits with dual-feedback control for implementing two such modulation schemes are given. A peak-value detector that can rapidly produce the peak value of the inverter output voltage with a minimum time constant is also proposed. The theoretical results of the proposed approaches with one-loop self-regulating property are experimentally verified and compared with the conventional method
35.2. 14. A. Kawamura, R. Chuarayapratip, T. Haneyoshi, "Deadbeat control of PWM inverter with modified pulse patterns for uninterruptible power supply," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 295-300, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A modified algorithm of pulse-width-modulation (PWM) inverter deadbeat control suitable for uninterruptible-power-supply (UPS) systems is presented. Two state variables are measured at each sampling interval, then, using the data, the pulse width is computed in real time in order to force the output voltage equal to the reference at each sampling instant which is called the deadbeat control. Two kinds of PWM pulse patterns are used to increase the fundamental component of the output voltage, considering the microprocessor computation time. Experimentation and simulation has verified that the proposed control scheme increased the output-voltage amplitude, providing an excellent transient response and accurate phase positioning for various load conditions. This algorithm is suitable for applications of high-power UPS systems, in which the switching frequency is in the range of a few kHz and the precise control of power flow is required
35.2. 15. A. Barili, A. Brambilla, G. Cottafava, E. Dallago, "A simulation model for the saturable reactor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 301-306, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A simulation model for the saturable reactor, an electromagnetic devices widely used as a protective element for the thyristor circuit, is presented. The model has been simulated using an improved version of SPICE, which also contains the model of the single-core reactor (SCR), and has proved to be fast and accurate on practical cases. Examples given include an industrial chopper for an electric drive; the model of the saturable reactor has improved the overall simulation accuracy of the chopper
35.2. 16. I. Maric, "Automatic digital correction of measurement data based on M-point autocalibration and inverse polynomial approximation ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 317-322, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A microprocessor-controlled measurement system model comprising m-point autocalibration and inverse polynomial approximation of the measurement-system transfer characteristics is described. A voltage-to-frequency converter is used for an analog-to-digital conversion of an input quantity. The model is restricted to measurements of slow-varying analog input quantities, and it is suitable for application in severe temperature conditions, common to a variety of industrial environments. By utilizing the computing power of microprocessors, a higher accuracy of measurements can be achieved with low-performance electronic components
35.2. 17. H.-H. Loh, J.-G. Leu, R.C. Luo, "The analysis of natural textures using run length features," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 323-328, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A family of texture features is presented that have the ability to discriminate different textures in a 3-D scene as well as the ability to recover the range and orientation of the surfaces of the scene. These texture features are derived from the gray-level run-length matrices (GLRLMs) of an image. The GLRLMs are first normalized so that they all have equal average gray-level run length. Features extracted from the normalized GLRLMs are independent of the surface geometry. These features can be used in three-dimensional scene analysis where textures need to be identified according to their differences. Based on the average-run-length information and the classification results, surface range as well as surface orientation of a textured surface can be recovered
35.2. 18. R.A.M. Browne, S.W.H. De Haan, J.B. Klaassens, J.D. Lodder, D.J. Verheul, "Computer-aided design of toroidal air-core inductors for high energy levels," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 329-337, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A method is presented for the design of inductors that recurrently store a substantial amount of electric energy; joules with frequencies in the order of tens of kHz. The objective of this method arose from the necessity of designing air-core inductors as part of an electronic conversion circuit for the control and transfer of electric energy in the submegawatt range. For specific geometrical configurations, design criteria such as weight and electrical losses (or a compromise between them) in combination with the thermal behavior are calculated. An analysis of the design criteria for a normalized inductive storage element is introduced and applied to a computer-aided design method. The computer program provides either the design of a new core or the design of an inductor on an available air-core arrangement, reducing the time for calculation
35.2. 19. C.F. Christiansen, J.L. Herrada, M.I. Valla, N.H. Martinez, "Further improvements in a three-phase sine wave generator," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 338-339, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: It is shown that the simple three-phase wave generator presented by V.P. Ramamurthi and R.B. Ramaswami (see ibid., vol.IE-29, no.3, p.235-40 (1982)) is able to exhibit a higher performance when more stringent design considerations are adopted. The results show improvements in linearity and distortion as well as an extension in the frequency range with only small changes in circuit implementation
35.2. 20. P.S.M. Chin, "Comments on `Stability analysis, design, and simulation of a closed-loop converter-controlled DC drive' by P.B. Anjaneyulu, et al," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 339-341, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Applying Popov's stability criterion to the correct transfer function for the system studied in the work P.B. Anjaneyulu et al. (see ibid., vol.IE-31, no.2, p.175-80, (1984)), suitable conditions for stability are derived. From these conditions, the stability region obtained is larger than that given in the mentioned work. These results can be verified by using Lyapunov's second method
35.2. 21. A.A. El-Amawy, A. Mirbod, "An efficient software-controlled PLL for low-frequency applications ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 341-344, May 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The concept of a software-controlled phase-locked loop (SCPLL) is presented. It is shown that SCPLLs can offer several advantages over pure hardware implementations. An example design of an SCPLL for a power converter controller is presented, and the experimental results are reported. This SCPLL can efficiently substitute for the conventional hardware PLL used for timing and clock frequency multiplication in the control circuit of a power converter
35.3. 1. J.H. Peden, A.C. Weaver, "Are priorities useful in an 802.5 token ring?," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 361-365, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The IEEE standard 802.5 token ring protocol defines eight packet priorities. The intent is that high-priority packets should be delivered prior to low-priority packets. A series of simulations shows that this expected behavior occurs when there are very few network stations, very short data packets (but still long relative to ring latency), very short token hold times, and very high network loads. In the general case, priorities did not markedly influence packet delivery time. Use of the priority system generally resulted in more overhead and longer average packet delays than when all packets were carried as a single priority. The features of the protocol operation that are the cause of this increased delay and lack of priority discrimination are described mathematically
35.3. 2. R.M. Gorur, A.C. Weaver, "Setting target rotation times in an IEEE token bus network," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 366-371, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The IEEE standard 802.4 token bus protocol requires each network station to implement a synchronous (highest priority) message class, and permits a station to implement three lower priority classes: urgent asynchronous, normal asynchronous, and time available. Each of the lower three priorities (called access classes) is assigned a target token rotation time that limits the amount of time that a station can use to service lower priority traffic. A formulation of the problem is presented in which messages are transmitted from an access class as long as network throughput remains below a user-specified threshold. Formulas are derived that transform this priority scheme, based on network throughput limits, into the proper target rotation time settings that the token bus protocol actually requires. The analytical model is compared with a computer simulation of the token bus protocol and shows close agreement
35.3. 3. W. Gora, U. Herzog, S.K. Tripathi, "Clock synchronization on the factory floor (FMS)," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 372-380, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The coordination of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) in an automated factory requires that synchronization amongst the manufacturing processes be based on a common clock. The synchronization requirements on the factory floor are described, and several clock synchronization algorithms, their theoretical bounds, and the results of the authors' work are discussed. Measurement results based on the implementation of such synchronization algorithms on local area networks (LAN) are presented. For hierarchical LANs, an algorithm is developed and its behavior simulated
35.3. 4. S.K. Dean, R.J.F. Dow, "A versatile controller for 3-D machining," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 381-386, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A controller that produces sculptured surfaces from a small input without postprocessing is presented. It generates straight lines, circular arcs, and algebraic and trigonometric curves in any plane or combinations of such forms to produce complex lines and surfaces for machining applications. The controller is very versatile and can reduce programming costs by orders of magnitude
35.3. 5. K.S.M. Panicker, S.I. Ahson, C.M. Bhatia, "Microprocessor-based sliding mode controller for a micromachine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 387-392, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The design and microprocessor-based implementation of a power system stabilizer using variable-structure systems theory is presented. The design is based on a geometric approach for finding the switching hyperplanes for discontinuous control. The stabilizer is implemented on a laboratory micromachine using an INTEL 8085A microprocessor. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the stabilizer in improving system damping. The parameter insensitivity in the sliding mode is demonstrated
35.3. 6. C.-M. Liaw, C.-T. Pan, Y.-C. Chen, "Design and implementation of an adaptive controller for current-fed induction motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 393-401, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A model reference adaptive speed controller for a current-fed induction motor drive is proposed. The controller uses a proportional-integral (PI) adaptation to satisfy the hyperstability condition for load and machine parameter changes of the drive. Only the available information on the states and output of the reference model as well as the plant output are required. No explicit parameter identification is needed. The controller can be designed simply by using a reduced reference model without particularly degrading the performance, so it is easy to implement practically. The hardware implementation is detailed, and some experimental results are given to demonstrate its effectiveness
35.3. 7. R.C. Becerra, M. Ehsani, "High-speed torque control of brushless permanent magnet motors," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 402-406, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A method of converter control that improves the high-speed torque of brushless permanent-magnet (PM) motors is presented. The method consists of modulating the converter conduction intervals and their phase relative to the rotor position in order to deliver current to the stator windings at high speeds where the motor back EMF approaches the convertor rating. A microprocessor-based controller is used in the implementation. With this control, operation of the PM motor drive at its maximum ratings can be extended to higher speeds
35.3. 8. K.F. Teng, R.W. Vest, "A microprocessor-controlled ink jet printing system for electronic circuits," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 407-412, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The development of a microprocessor-controlled ink jet printing system for hybrid microelectronic circuits is described. The hardware, development, software development, and the performance of the system are discussed. Well-defined circuit patterns have been obtained by the ink-jet printing of metalorganic inks. The application of this technology to the fabrication of microelectronic circuits is demonstrated to be feasible
3. 9. H.-Y. Chung, Y.-Y. Sun, "Parameter identification of linear distributed systems via
35.3Taylor operational matrix," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 413-416, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An algorithm has been developed for directly estimating the parameters of a linear distributed systems by means of the Taylor operational matrix of integration. The major advantage of the present method, is that its computational efficiency is better and easier than that of the orthogonal polynomial. A numerical example giving satisfactory results is shown
35.3. 10. P.C. Baracos, R.D. Hudson, L.J. Vroomen, P.J.A. Zsombor-Murray, "Advances in binary decision based programmable controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 417-425, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Binary decision automata are finite state machines that evaluate switching functions by means of decision rather than Boolean logic. The capability of binary decision machines (BDMs) to evaluate sequential functions is addressed by the authors. The BDM is shown to be less powerful than the deterministic finite automation (DFA) model from automata theory. However, an extended BDM with input control is shown to be equivalent to the DFA and thus can be used to implement finitely computable sequential functions. The use of a BDM finite automaton instead of a more general model is motivated on the basis of expected case time and space complexity analysis. A hardware design following from this analysis is described, and programming methods are discussed
35.3. 11. E.M. Thomson, P.J. Medelius, M.A. Uman, "A remote sensor for the three components of transient electric fields," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 426-433, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An active device for measuring the three orthogonal components of a wideband (3 Hz to 4 MHz) transient electric field is described. The system design is specifically tailored to detect the electric fields from lightning occurring at distances from less that 1 km to over 100 km. Each electric field component is sensed on one of three isolated sections of a single metallic sphere that itself is electrically isolated from its surroundings. Electronics within the sphere detect and process signals proportional to the charges induced by the electric fields on the isolated sections of the sphere. The signals are passed to a remote recording device via analog fiber optics links. Also contained within the sphere are controls both to change gain settings and to apply internal calibrations on command from a remote VHF transmitter
35.3. 12. A.K. Chattopadhyay, N. Mether, "A generalized approach to steady-state analysis of a current-source inverter with induction motor load including commutation overlap," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 434-441, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A generalized state-space approach is presented for the steady-state commutation analysis of an autosequential commuted current-source inverter-fed induction motor drive covering all possible modes of operation using a digital computer. The analysis adopts the basic per-phase equivalent circuit for the induction motor model, includes the effect of DC link filter impedance and the variation of back EMF during the commutation interval, and extends the inverter model to cover the complex commutation overlap mode occurring during high frequency operation. A digital computer program is evolved, to identify automatically the relevant sets of equations applicable to a particular mode from a generalized set of equations and to solve them
35.3. 13. A. Khoei, S. Yuvarajan, "Single-phase AC-AC converters using power MOSFETs," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 442-443, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The authors analyze the performance of a single-phase AC-AC converter with particular emphasis on the output harmonic content and input voltage utilization. A complete power circuit that makes use of power MOSFETs is given. An analysis of the output waveform shows that its harmonic content is very low. It is also found that the ratio of the switching frequency to the modulating triangular wave, has negligible effect on the harmonic content. Hence, the ratio can be chosen at nominal value of 4 and it is mainly used to control the amplitude of the fundamental component in the output. The only disadvantage of the single-phase AC-AC converter is that the amplitudes of certain harmonic frequencies become abnormally high
35.3. 14. P.G. Maranesi, V. Tavazzi, V. Varoli, "Two-part characterization of PWM voltage regulators at low frequencies," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 444-450, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The most widely used types of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters are dynamically modeled at low frequencies in terms of two-port networks. Four DC parameters fully characterize each type of regulator. These closed-loop parameters are related to six transfer functions relevant to the open-loop circuit. Practical dynamic problems involving stability, electromagnetic cleanness, and transmission of disturbances from the load to the voltage source (and vice versa) can be solved on the basis of the formula given
35.3. 15. J.-P. Vandelac, P.D. Ziogas, "A DC to DC PWM series resonant converter operated at resonant frequency," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 451-460, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Resonant DC-DC converters that are usually operated using frequency modulation to achieve regulation have the disadvantage of wideband frequency modulation. An alternate regulation scheme that uses fixed-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) is proposed. This control scheme is applied to a series-loaded, series-resonant converter. When operated in a full-bridge configuration and with a variation of PWM that can be described as a phase shift modulation between the two sets of switches, the converter presents low switching stresses. Analytical results presented include VA rating and stresses on critical active and passive components as a function of input voltage variation. A 200 kHz, 700 W, 48 V output offline converter was realized using this concept, and some experimental results are presented to corroborate the analysis
35.3. 16. A.R. Prasad, P.D. Ziogas, S. Manias, "A comparative evaluation of SMR converters with and without active input current waveshaping," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 461-468, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A comparative evaluation is presented of high-frequency voltage-source fed (VSF) and current-source fed (CSF) switch-mode rectifier (SMR) converters supplied from single-phase AC mains and operating under large input voltage and load fluctuations. For medium power applications (i.e. 3 kW), VSF SMR converters use passive waveshaping techniques. CSF SMR converters, on the other hand, use active waveshaping techniques. Use of active waveshaping techniques increases the input power factor from approximately 0.5 to 0.9-1.0. It is shown that when the active input current waveshaping stage is also used to regulate the SMR DC bus voltage, the converter performance can improve substantially. These improvements include reduction in switching stresses of the power semiconductor switches and reduction in the size and ratings of associated reactive components. Key theoretical results are verified experimentally
35.3. 17. L.W. Tao, C.Z. Fang, "State estimation of output-decoupled complex systems with application to fluid pipeline," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 469-475, Aug 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Most industrial processes are complex systems, characterized by nonlinearity, high order, and even implicit dynamics. The design of a Luenberger-type observer or an extended Kalman filter for state estimation of such systems presents, in general, considerable difficulties. The authors show that a state estimator can be designed and implemented very easily if the system is output-decoupled, as is often the case in process monitoring and control applications. Simulation study and experiments on an experimental water pipeline show that the proposed estimator works very well. Its estimation accuracy is nearly the same as that of an extended Kalman filter, while its computational expenditure is almost as small as the real-time system model
35.4. 1. A. Moghaddamjoo, "Step-like signal processing with distinct finite number of levels ," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 489-493, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: An algorithm for filtering noisy step-like signals is proposed. This algorithm is based on the assumption of Gaussian contamination. In this procedure data within a moving window is divided into two almost equal clusters and a hypothesis tests (F-test) for differences in the means between two such clusters. Histograms analysis and/or our a priori knowledge about the number of discrete amplitudes in the ideal noise free signal provide information that is used to filter the signal further and produce a clean signal with the desired number of discrete amplitudes (levels). As an illustration the method is tested by simulation
35.4. 2. A.K.S. Bhat, "Analysis and design of a DC/DC converter using square-wave output resonant inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 494-501, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The operating modes of a square-wave output resonant inverter when used in a high-frequency link DC/DC converter are presented and analyzed. The condition of minimum turn-off time for the switches in the discontinuous current mode is obtained. A simple design procedure for the DC/DC converter is presented and illustrated by an example. Experimental results obtained from a prototype converter are presented to verify the theory
35.4. 3. C.F. Christiansen, M.I. Valla, C.H. Rivetta, "A synchronization technique for static delta-modulated PWM inverters," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 502-507, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A synchronization technique for static delta-modulated PWM inverters is presented. This control strategy removes the frequency modulation inherent in the delta-modulated inverter. Furthermore, synchronization of the PWM pulses with the reference signal ensures balanced phase voltages in three-phase applications. The performance of the modulator is analyzed using digital simulations and is verified with experimental circuits
35.4. 4. J.W. Dixon, Boon-TeckOoi, "Indirect current control of a unity power factor sinusoidal current boost type three-phase rectifier," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 508-515, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The indirect current control scheme has evolved from the success of the hysteresis current controlled voltage regulated rectifier, which has been shown to be capable of: unity and even leading power factor operation; near sinusoidal current waveforms; and bilateral power transfer without the need of bi-directional solid state power switches. The advance consists of replacing the inner hysteresis current feedback loop by the standard sinusoidal PWM control and in the process saving the cost of the current measuring transducers. The scheme is evaluated through tests on 1 KW size laboratory models and through digital simulations. A theory of the system dynamics is developed and stability boundaries are presented
35.4. 5. Tian-Hua Liu, Chung-Ming Young, Chang-Huan Liu, "Microprocessor-based controller design and simulation for a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 516-523, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: The speed control of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor drive that is fed by a current hysteresis-controlled voltage-source inverter is investigated. The objective is to study the feasibility of implementing a microprocessor-based controller that may achieve complete software control of motor speed. A mathematical model and a digital control principle for controlling the PM synchronous motor are described. The sampling period and the controller parameters are determined analytically according to a linearized model. A systematic simulation procedure is proposed for verifying the feasibility of theoretical modeling and controller design. An experimental prototype system is constructed for correlating with the theoretical results. The experimental results closely follow theoretical predictions, thus validating the proposed control method
35.4. 6. R.M. Davis, "A comparison of switched reluctance rotor structures," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 524-529, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A theoretical comparison of torque production is made between a conventional switched reluctance motor having conventionally laminated salient rotor poles, and a novel structure that uses a cylindrical anisotropic rotor comprised of axially laminated layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic materials. By choosing identical conditions and dimensions in all respects other than the differing rotors and the consequential changes to the stators, and by including the influence of the available space for the windings, the torque production capabilities have been linked specifically to the rotor differences. The results, which are for identical maximum flux density and copper losses, show the salient rotor SR motor to be 20 percent better based on rotor volume and almost 100 percent better on stator plus endwinding volume
35.4. 7. G.K. Dubey, "Analysis of DC drive fed by single-phase half-controlled converters in sequence control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 530-536, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Separately excited DC motors fed by multistage converters with sequence control are commonly used in mainline traction. The author describes the analysis and performance of a DC drive fed by a two-stage sequentially operated half-controlled converter. The modes of operation of the converter-motor system are identified and a method of performance calculation, taking these modes of operation into account, is presented. The nomograms, and the analytical method of calculating them, are presented for the calculation of an optimum value of filter inductance
35.4. 8. P. Pillay, R. Krishnan, "Modeling of permanent magnet motor drives," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 537-541, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drives, which include the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the brushless DC motor (BDCM) could become serious competitors to the induction motor for servo applications. The PMSM has a sinusoidal back EMF and requires sinusoidal stator currents to produce constant torque while the BDCM has a trapezoidal back EMF and requires rectangular stator currents to produce constant torque. The PMSM is very similar to the wound rotor synchronous machine except that the PMSM that is used for servo applications tends not to have any damper windings and excitation is provided by a permanent magnet instead of a field winding. Hence the d, q model of the PMSM can be derived from the well-known model of the synchronous machine with the equations of the damper windings and field current dynamics removed. Because of the nonsinusoidal variation of the mutual inductances between the stator and rotor in the BDCM, it is also shown that no particular advantage exists in transforming the abc equations of the BCDM to the d, q frame. Hence the solution of the original abc equations is proposed for the BDCM
35.4. 9. M.F. Rahman, Aun-NeowPoo, "An application oriented test procedure for designing microstepping step motor controllers," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 542-546, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Describes an application oriented set-up for determining current references for a microstepping step motor controller. This eliminates the need for calculating these references from motor characteristics. Motor nonlinearities and asymmetries are taken into consideration and references for controllers can be obtained by an unattended test for any microstep size desired
35.4. 10. B.K. Bose, P.M. Szczesny, "A microcomputer-based control and simulation of an advanced IPM synchronous machine drive system for electric vehicle propulsion," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 547-559, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Describes a high-performance microcomputer-based control and digital simulation of an inverter-fed interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous machine that uses a neodymium-iron-boron magnet. The fully operational four-quadrant drive system includes a constant-torque region with zero speed operation and a high-speed field-weakening constant-power region. The control uses the vector or field-oriented technique in constant-torque region with the direct axis aligned to the stator flux, whereas the constant-power region control is based on torque angle orientation of the impressed square-wave voltage. All the key feedback signals for the control are estimated with precision. The drive system is basically designed with an outer torque control loop for electric vehicle application, but speed and position control loops can be added for other industrial applications. The distributed microcomputer-based control system is based on Intel-8096 microcontroller and Texas Instruments TMS32010 type digital signal processor
35.4. 11. R. Krishnan, A.S. Bharadwaj, P.N. Materu, "Computer-aided design of electrical machines for variable speed applications," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 560-571, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: Product life cycle has decreased and demands for new products have emerged due to competition, modern industrial needs, and rapidly changing technology. This has necessitated changes in design, development, and manufacturing processes to improve quality and efficiency and to reduce cost. Computer-aided design (CAD) helps to meet this challenge in the design evaluation and final product design stages. The authors present the development of interactive software for the optimal design of a motor intended for variable speed applications. The use of finite element analysis methods is proposed as an indispensable part of the CAD system for electrical machine design. An illustration of the method is given for the design of a switched reluctance motor excited with rectangular blocks of current
35.4. 12. D. Ciscato, A. Fehl, L. Turolla, "Microstepcontrol of floppy disk drive," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 572-575, Nov 1988. Full Text Link Abstract: A microprocessor on board of a 5 1/4 in floppy disk unit can be used for microstep control of the step motor able to compensate for unavoidable track deformations. The feedback is derived from a special signal recorded at the beginning of each sector. The resulting track following system is very attractive for magnetic peripherals with very high track density (192 tpi). The authors describe the design of the control system and its implementation using a Z80A system
IEEE Transactions on Industrial ElectronicsIEEE Transactions on Industrial ElectronicsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
36.1. 1. T.C.S. Hsia, "A new technique for robust control of servo systems," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-7, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: The robust controller has very simple structures and can be divided into two separate parts: a servo controller and an auxiliary controller. The two controllers are designed independently. The function of the auxiliary controller is to cancel out the plant uncertainties directly without the use of the high loop gain principle. Interpretation of robot controller as a signal-synthesis adaptive controller is given. Practical implementation issues of the auxiliary controller are discussed. Simulations of a design example with large parameter uncertainty, nonlinearity, and external disturbance are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the design technique. This technique is further tested with success in an experimental study of joint position control of a PUMA 560 robot arm
36.1. 2. M.R. Khare, G.N. Garud, "Microprocessor-based thyristorized control system for speed control of coiler motor," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 8-17, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A microcomputer system developed for the real-time speed control of a coiler-motor in a wire rod mill at the Bhilai Steel Plant, India, is discussed. The software permits the dynamic control of the coiler motor speed and also controls the tensionless back-end problem of the wire rod, resulting in considerable reduction in metal loss and production delay. The net annual saving due to introduction of the system is Rs. 6.2 million (around $0.50 million), and since the cost of implementation of the system is Rs. 5.3 million, the pay-back period is only ten months
36.1. 3. A. Rahrooh, T.T. Hartley, "Adaptive matrix integration for real-time simulation," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 18-24, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: The theory of weak stability of linear multistep methods for real-time simulation of nonlinear systems leads to the design of a class of linear multistep methods with varying coefficients. These methods do not suffer from weak instability and are generally very useful, especially for real-time simulation of stiff nonlinear systems. An adaptive technique for numerical integration that allows the simulation stepsize to be chosen independently of the system eigenvalues is presented. The method tracks most changes in the dynamics of the system, and changes accordingly the integration coefficients to ensure accuracy and stability of the simulation
36.1. 4. Chin-Cheng Kau, K.W. Olson, E.A. Ribble, C.A. Klein, "Design and implementation of a vision processing system for a walking machine," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 25-33, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A vision processing system for a six-legged walking machine, the adaptive suspension vehicle, is presented. The vision-processing system consists of a laser range-finder, and vision computer, a terrain-elevation map, and a guidance computer. The range-finder measures the distances from itself to the objects in the scene. The specially designed vision computer processes the range data into a terrain-elevation form and stores the information with time data in a terrain-elevation map. With the real-time elevation information in the map, the guidance computer can select the best footholds for the walking machine in order to maneuver over rough terrain
36.1. 5. P.K. Chande, A.K. Ramani, P.C. Sharma, "Modular TMR multiprocessor system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 34-41, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A tri-module redundant (TMR) multiprocessor system for increased availability to a real-time application is presented. The system incorporates three homogeneous Z-80 based microcomputers, each with necessary analog/digital I/O facilities and global communication hardware. The software design is modular in nature and is, therefore, cost effective and adaptable for expansion to the N-module redundant (NMR) system. The retry mechanism has been employed for recovery from transient faults. The number of retries is programmable, which makes the system adaptable to an application environment. The system has been used to drive a mobile trolley
36.1. 6. M. Morimoto, S. Sato, K. Sumito, K. Oshitani, "Single-chip microcomputer control of the inverter by the magnetic flux control PWM method [machine control]," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 42-47, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: Single-chip microcomputer control of a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverter for motor drive applications is presented. The PWM pattern generation and the system control of the inverter are achieved by software of the 8-bit single-chip microcomputer. The single-chip microcomputer has a low processing speed and small memory capacity, disadvantages that can be overcome by the magnetic flux control PWM method. The PWM pattern is generated every 90 μs. The memory capacity of the PWM look-up table is less than 2 kbytes. Experimental results show that the motor performances are the same as that of the multichip triangular-sinewave PWM inverter
36.1. 7. J.B. Klaassens, "Steady-state analysis of a series-resonant DC-DC converter with a bipolar power flow," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 48-55, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A time-domain analysis for the steady-state model of a series-resonant power interface for both step-up and step-down modes is presented. The exchange of electrical energy between a source and the resonant circuit in order to stabilize the stored electrical energy is defined. The characteristics of a series-resonant converter with bilateral power flow are presented in normalized form, described by the output characteristics. The results obtained in a four-quadrant motor drive illustrate the characteristics of a high-frequency power interface
36.1. 8. D.G. Manzer, M. Varghese, J.S. Thorp, "Variable reluctance motor characterization," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 56-63, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A technique to develop a simple, nonlinear dynamic model (from measurements of flux linkage) which captures all of the relevant dynamics of the motor over its entire operating regime is described. A least squares data reduction algorithm that handles the analyses in a natural way to generate bivariate polynomials to approximate the flux linkage is given. Comparisons with a theoretical method and other measurements are presented
36.1. 9. J.J. Jozwik, M.K. Kazimierczuk, "Dual sepic PWM switching-mode DC/DC power converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 64-70, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A steady-state analysis and experimental results for a dual sepic pulse-width-modulated (PWM) DC/DC power converter for both continuous and discontinuous modes of operation are presented. The converter is dual to a sepic converter, but it can also be derived from a forward converter by replacing one of its rectifier diodes with a coupling capacitor. The circuit acts as a step-down or step-up converter, depending on the value of the ON switch duty cycle. The transformerless version of the converter has a positive DC/DC voltage transfer function. Therefore, the circuit is suitable for distributed power systems. Design equations for all circuit components are derived. Experimental results measured at 100 kHz were in good agreement with theoretical predictions
36.1. 10. K.F. Teng, Ping Wu, "PV module characterization using Q-R decomposition based on the least square method," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 71-75, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: The determination of solar cell parameters (I-V characteristic) from experimental data was achieved by using the Q -R decomposition technique based on the least squares method, where all data points were considered. The algorithm used a three-parameter equation transformed from the original cell equation of five parameters. This method could be used to analyze the I-V characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules of various technologies under the natural conditions of implementation, and to help to establish the best sizing of a PV system and the best adaptation of a PV system to its environment
36.1. 11. W. Ahmad, "A simple analogue multiplier with analogue/digital output," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 76-78, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A simple circuit for the four-quadrant multiplication of voltage signals is described. The output of the multiplier is suitable for analog as well as digital applications. Experimental results obtained are in agreement with the theory developed
36.1. 12. C.F. Christiansen, R. Battaiotto, D. Fernandez, E. Tacconi, "Digital measurement of angular velocity for speed control," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 79-83, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: A digital method to measure angular velocity for machine control applications is described. The method uses a phase-locked loop to multiply the frequency and reject the jitter. The process for measurement is completed in a very short time, providing not only quick readouts, but also information on transient velocity. Since the sampling intervals are fixed, measurement of angular acceleration can be obtained almost immediately
36.1. 13. S. Khalaf, M. Zhu, P. Siy, M. Abdelguerfi, "A real-time industrial pattern classification system," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 84-85, Feb 1989. Full Text Link Abstract: Using the partitioned matrix approach, a parallel hardware architecture for a parametric (Bayes) classifier is designed. The architecture consists of simple, regularly structured processing elements operating in parallel. As a result, the proposed design is suitable for VLSI implementation. A comparative analysis shows that the approach is more efficient and can significantly reduce the cost required for implementing the classifier, while maintaining high speed
36.1. 14. Y.C. Liang, V.J. Gosbell, "A versatile switch model for power electronics SPI
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics
